Chapter 2 Elementary Programming

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1
 Motivations
In the preceding chapter, you learned how to
create, compile, and run a Java program. Starting
from this chapter, you will learn how to solve
practical problems programmatically. Through
these problems, you will learn Java primitive data
types and related subjects, such as variables,
constants, data types, operators, expressions, and
input and output.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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2
 Objectives
 To write Java programs to perform simple computations (§2.2).
 To obtain input from the console using the Scanner class (§2.3).
 To use identifiers to name variables, constants, methods, and classes (§2.4).
 To use variables to store data (§§2.5–2.6).
 To program with assignment statements and assignment expressions (§2.6).
 To use constants to store permanent data (§2.7).
 To name classes, methods, variables, and constants by following their naming conventions (§2.8).
 To explore Java numeric primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, and double (§2.9.1).
 To read a byte, short, int, long, float, or double value from the keyboard (§2.9.2).
 To perform operations using operators +, -, *, /, and % (§2.9.3).
 To perform exponent operations using Math.pow(a, b) (§2.9.4).
 To write integer literals, floating-point literals, and literals in scientific notation (§2.10).
 To write and evaluate numeric expressions (§2.11).
 To obtain the current system time using System.currentTimeMillis() (§2.12).
 To use augmented assignment operators (§2.13).
 To distinguish between postincrement and preincrement and between postdecrement and predecrement (§2.14).
 To cast the value of one type to another type (§2.15).
 To describe the software development process and apply it to develop the loan payment program (§2.16).
 To write a program that converts a large amount of money into smaller units (§2.17).
 To avoid common errors and pitfalls in elementary programming (§2.18).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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3
 Trace a Program Execution
allocate memory
public class ComputeArea {
for radius
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area;

// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area; area no value

// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
allocate memory
for area
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
5
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea { assign 20 to radius
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
compute area and assign
// Compute area it to variable area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
7
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159; print a message to the
console
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Reading Input from the Console
• Java uses System.out to refer to the standard output
device and System.in to the standard input device. By
default, the output device is the display monitor and the
input device is the keyboard.

• To perform console output, you simply use the println

method to display a primitive value or a string to the
console. Console input is not directly supported in Java,
but you can use the Scanner class to create an object to
read input from System.in, as follows:
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Reading Input from the Console

Use the method nextDouble() to obtain to a double

value.
Example:
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
double d = input.nextDouble();

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Reading Input from the Console
import java.util.Scanner; // Scanner is in the java.util package

public class ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a Scanner object
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

// Prompt the user to enter a radius

System.out.print("Enter a number for radius: ");
double radius = input.nextDouble(); //method in Scanner class

// Compute area
double area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " + radius + " is " +
area);
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Implicit Import and Explicit Import
 There are two types of import statements: specific
import and wildcard import. The specific import
specifies a single class in the import statement. For
example, the following statement imports Scanner from
the package java.util.
import java.util.Scanner;

 The wildcard import imports all the classes in a

package by using the asterisk as the wildcard. For
example, the following statement imports all the
classes from the package java.util.
import java.util.*;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Implicit Import and Explicit Import
 The information for the classes in an imported
package is not read at compile time or runtime unless
the class is used in the program. The import
statement simply tells the compiler where to locate
the classes.

 There is no performance difference between a

specific import and a wildcard import declaration.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Identifiers
 An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of
letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
 An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
 An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix
A, “Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
 An identifier cannot be true, false, or null.
 An identifier can be of any length.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is ” +
area + " for radius ” + radius);

// Compute the second area

radius = 2.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is ” +
area + " for radius ” + radius);
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;

Remark: A compilation error occurs if you display the value

of an uninitialized variable or use it in any expression.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;

radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Declaring and Initializing
in One Step
 int x = 1;
 double d = 1.4;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Named Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

final double PI = 3.14159;

final int SIZE = 3;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Naming Conventions
 Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
 Variables and method names:
– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase
for the first word, and capitalize the first letter
of each subsequent word in the name. For
example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Naming Conventions, cont.
 Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in
the name. For example, the class name
ComputeArea.

 Constants:
– Capitalize all letters in constants, and use
underscores to connect words. For
example, the constant PI and
MAX_VALUE

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
21
 Numerical Data Types
Name Range Storage Size

byte –27 to 27 – 1 (-128 to 127) 8-bit signed

short –215 to 215 – 1 (-32768 to 32767) 16-bit signed

int –231 to 231 – 1 (-2147483648 to 2147483647) 32-bit signed

long –263 to 263 – 1 64-bit signed

(i.e., -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807)

float Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754

-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
double Negative range: 64-bit IEEE 754
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to -4.9E-324

Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Reading Numbers from the
Keyboard
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int value = input.nextInt();

Methods for Scanner Objects:

Method Description

nextByte() reads an integer of the byte type.

nextShort() reads an integer of the short type.
nextInt() reads an integer of the int type.
nextLong() reads an integer of the long type.
nextFloat() reads a number of the float type.
nextDouble() reads a number of the double type.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Numeric Operators

Name Meaning Example Result

+ Addition 34 + 1 35

- Subtraction 34.0 – 0.1 33.9

* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000

/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5

% Remainder 20 % 3 2

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Integer Division
+, -, *, /, and %

5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Remainder Operator
Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an
even number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always
1. So you can use this property to determine whether a number
is even or odd. Suppose today is Saturday and you and your
friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10
days? You can find that day is Tuesday using the following
expression:

Saturday is the 6th day in a week

A week has 7 days
(6 + 10) % 7 is 2
The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday
After 10 days

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Exponent Operations
System.out.println(Math.pow(2, 3));
// Displays 8.0
System.out.println(Math.pow(4, 0.5));
// Displays 2.0
System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, 2));
// Displays 6.25
System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, -2));
// Displays 0.16

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly
in the program. For example, 34, 1,000,000, and
5.0 are literals in the following statements:

int i = 34;
long x = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable as
long as it can fit into the variable. A compilation error
would occur if the literal were too large for the variable to
hold. For example, the statement byte b = 1000 would
cause a compilation error, because 1000 cannot be stored
in a variable of the byte type.
An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose
value is between -231 (-2147483648) to 231–1
(2147483647). To denote an integer literal of the long
type, append it with the letter L or l. L is preferred because
l (lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1 (the digit
one).
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written with a decimal
point. By default, a floating-point literal is treated
as a double type value. For example, 5.0 is
considered a double value, not a float value. You
can make a number a float by appending the letter f
or F, and make a number a double by appending
the letter d or D. For example, you can use 100.2f
or 100.2F for a float number, and 100.2d or 100.2D
for a double number.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 double vs. float
The double type values are more accurate than the
float type values. For example,
System.out.println("1.0 / 3.0 is " + 1.0 / 3.0);

displays 1.0 / 3.0 is 0.3333333333333333

16 digits

System.out.println("1.0F / 3.0F is " + 1.0F / 3.0F);

displays 1.0F / 3.0F is 0.33333334

7 digits

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 Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be specified in
scientific notation, for example, 1.23456e+2, same as
1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456, and 1.23456e-2
is equivalent to 0.0123456. E (or e) represents an
exponent and it can be either in lowercase or
uppercase.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Arithmetic Expressions
3  4 x 10( y  5)(a  b  c ) 4 9x
  9(  )
5 x x y

is translated to

(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 How to Evaluate an Expression
Though Java has its own way to evaluate an
expression behind the scene, the result of a Java
expression and its corresponding arithmetic
expression are the same. Therefore, you can safely
apply the arithmetic rule for evaluating a Java
expression. 3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 + 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 + 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 + 35 – 1
(5) addition
54 - 1
(6) subtraction
53

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 Problem: Converting Temperatures
Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit degree
to Celsius using the formula:
celsius ( 95 )( fahrenheit  32)

Note: you have to write

celsius = (5.0 / 9) * (fahrenheit – 32)

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All rights reserved.
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Augmented Assignment Operators

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 Increment and
Decrement Operators

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 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * i++; int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * (++i); i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10 * i;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
38
 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators makes
expressions short, but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions
that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
39
 Assignment Expressions and
Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as
statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of
expressions can be statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %
++variable;
variable++;
--variable;
variable--;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Numeric Type Conversion
 Can you perform binary operations
with two operands of different types?
Yes. If an integer and a floating-point
number are involved in a binary
operation, Java automatically converts
the integer to a floating-point value.
So,

3 * 4.5 is same as 3.0 * 4.5.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Numeric Type Conversion
 You can always assign a value to a numeric
variable whose type supports a larger
range of values; thus, for instance, you can
assign a long value to a float variable. You
cannot, however, assign a value to a
variable of a type with a smaller range
unless you use type casting.
int i = 1;
byte b = i; // Error because explicit casting is required
int j = 0.5; // Error because explicit casting is required
float x = 0.5; // Error because casting from double to float is required
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Numeric Type Conversion
 Casting is an operation that converts a
value of one data type into a value of
another data type.
 Casting a type with a small range to a type
with a larger range is known as widening a
type.
 Casting a type with a large range to a type
with a smaller range is known as narrowing
a type. Java will automatically widen a
type, but you must narrow a type explicitly.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Numeric Type Conversion
 The syntax for casting a type is to
specify the target type in parentheses,
followed by the variable’s name or the
value to be cast. For example, the
following statement
System.out.println((int)1.7);
displays 1.
 When a double value is cast into an int
value, the fractional part is truncated.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Numeric Type Conversion
 The following statement
System.out.println((double)1 / 2);
displays 0.5, because 1 is cast to 1.0
first, then 1.0 is divided by 2.
 The statement
System.out.println(1 / 2);
displays 0, because 1 and 2 are both
integers and the resulting value should
also be an integer.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Numeric Type Conversion
byte i = 100;
long k = i * 3 + 4;
double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
46
 Conversion Rules
When performing a binary operation involving two
operands of different types, Java automatically
converts the operand based on the following rules:

1. If one of the operands is double, the other is

converted into double.
2. Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is
converted into float.
3. Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is
converted into long.
4. Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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47
 Type Casting
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)

Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is truncated)

What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0;

range increases

byte, short, int, long, float, double

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Casting in an Augmented Expression
In Java, an augmented expression of the form x1 op=
x2 is implemented as x1 = (T)(x1 op x2), where T is
the type for x1. Therefore, the following code is
correct.
int sum = 0;
sum += 4.5; // sum becomes 4 after this statement

sum += 4.5 is equivalent to sum = (int)(sum + 4.5).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Common Errors and Pitfalls
 Common Error 1: Undeclared/Uninitialized
Variables and Unused Variables
 Common Error 2: Integer Overflow
 Common Error 3: Round-off Errors
 Common Error 4: Unintended Integer Division
 Common Error 5: Redundant Input Objects

 Common Pitfall 1: Redundant Input Objects

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 Common Error 1:
Undeclared/Uninitialized Variables
and Unused Variables
double interestRate = 0.05;
double interest = interestrate * 45;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Common Error 2: Integer Overflow

int value = 2147483647 + 1;

// value will actually be -2147483648

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Common Error 3: Round-off Errors
Calculations involving floating-point numbers are
approximated because these numbers are not stored
with complete accuracy.

System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);

0.5000000000000001 is displayed
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
0.09999999999999998 is displayed
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Common Error 4: Unintended Integer
Division
int number1 = 1; int number1 = 1;
int number2 = 2; int number2 = 2;
double average = (number1 + number2) / 2; double average = (number1 + number2) / 2.0;
System.out.println(average); System.out.println(average);

(a) (b)

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 Common Pitfall 1: Redundant Input
Objects
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
int v1 = input.nextInt();

Scanner input1 = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
double v2 = input1.nextDouble(); (use input instead)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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