LECTURE 2 OF 11

4.0 Matrices And Systems Of

Linear Equations

4.1 Matrices
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should
be able to:

(c) perform operations on matrices such

as multiplication of two matrices
(d) define the transpose of a matrix and
explain its properties
(b) define symmetric matrix and skew
symmetric matrix
 Multiplication of Matrices

The product of two matrices A and B is

defined only when the number of
columns in A is equal to the number of
rows in B.

• If order of A is m x n and the order of B

is n x p, then AB has order m x p.
Amxn Bnxp ABmxp
The order of the
product is m x p

m × n n×p
These numbers must
be equal
 ATTENTION !

A row and a column must

have the same number of
entries in order to be
multiplied.
 Multiplication Of Two Matrices

 b1 
b 
 2
R a1 a 2 a3  a n  C   b3 
 
  
 bn 

RC [a1b1  a2b2  a3b3   anbn ]

Example 1

Find :
 2 1
 1 2 3   3 4
  2 0 5  
 
 2 1
Solution

 2 1
 1 2 3  
  2 0 5    3 4
 
 2 1
 1( 2)  2(  3)  3( 2) 1(1)  2(4)  3(1) 
 
  2( 2)  0(  3)  5( 2)  2(1)  0(4)  5(1)
2 12 
 
6 3 
 Example 2

 1 2 3 5 
 2  5 4  
A   B  3  2 1 5
  1 7 5   
 5 4 0  7 

Find AB.
Solution

 7 30  11  43
AB  
 45 4 10  5 
Example 3

  1 2  2  1
Let A   and B  
 3 4 3 2 

Show that AB ≠ BA.

Solution
  1 2  2  1
AB =  3 4  3 2 
   
  1 2  2 3  1  1  2 2 
 
 3  2   4 3  3   1  4 2 
 4 5
 
 18 5
  2  1   1 2
BA =

 3 2   3 4
   
 2( 1)  ( 1)3 2(2)  ( 1)4
 3( 1)  2(3) 3(2)  2(4) 
 
 5 0 
 3 14
 
 4 5  5 0 
≠
18 5  3 14
   
Thus, AB ≠ BA.
This result prove that the matrix
multiplication is not commutative.
 Properties of Matrix Multiplication

Let A,B,C and D be matrices for which

the following products are defined .Then

• ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
A(BC) = (AB)C
• DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
A(B+C) = AB+AC
 Transpose Matrix

Definition

The transpose of a matrix A , written as AT,

is the matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of A. That is, the
i th column of AT is the
i th row of A for all i’s.
 If Amxn = [aij] ,
then ATnxm = [aji]

 a11 a12 a13   a11 a21 a31 

  T 
A  a12 a22 a32 
A   a21 a22 a23 
 a31 a32 a33  33  a13 a23 a33  33
Example 4

 2
T

Let B  1  B
then 2 1 313
 
 3 31
1 2 1
 
 1 3 3  



 
 
T
If D  2 5 4 thenD = 3 5 3
 

  



 1 3 5 
3

4 5



 
Example 5

 1 2  3 4  1 4
Let A   , B   2 1 and C   3 2
 3 4    

Show that
(a) (A + B )T = AT + BT
(b) (BC)T = CTBT
 Solution

 1  3 2  4 4 6
(a) A + B =
 3  2 4  1 =  5 
5
  
4 5
(A + B )T = 6 
5

  1 3  3 2
AT + BT = 
 2 4  4 1 
   
= 4 5
6 
5

 (A + B)T = AT +
BT
 3 41 4






b) BC = 






2 13 2











312 128 
15 20
 

= =
   
   
   

23 82 5 10
   
   
   

T 15 5
 

[BC] =
 
 
 

20 10
 
 
 
 T T 1 33 2  

CB =
  
  
  

4 24 1










312 23 

=
 
 
 

128 82
 
 
 

15 5
 

=
 
 
 

20 10
 
 
 
T T T
 [BC] = C B
Properties of transpose

T T T
 (A ± B) = A ± B
T T
 (A ) = A
T T T T T
 (AB) = B A A B
T T
 (kA) = kA ,k is a scalar
 A Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix,

A = [ aij ]nxn,

is symmetric if it is equal to its own

transpose, A = AT that is aij = aji

Example 6

1 2 T 1 2
A   , A   
2 3 2 3
 1 a  b  1 a  b

B  a 3  T 
c  , B  a 3 c 
  b c 2    b c 2 
A and B are symmetric
matrices.
Example 7

 1 2
Given A   . Find AT.
 3 4
Hence, prove that AAT is a symmetric
matrix.
 Solution

T
T 1 2 1 3
A    
3 4 2 4

T
1 2  1 3
AA     
3 4  2 4
5 11 
 
11 25
 T
 5 11 
(AA ) = 
T T

11 25

 5 11 
  Since AAT = (AAT)T,
11 25 therefore AAT is a
symmetrical matrix
= AA T
 A Skew Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix,

A = [ aij ]nxn,

is a skew symmetric matrix if A = -AT

aij  a ji where i  j and aii 0
 Example 8

0  2 T  0 2  0  2
A   , A     2 0   A
2 0   2 0  
 0 2  1  0  2 1 

B   2 0  T 
3  , B  2 0  3 
 B
 1  3 0    1 3 0 

A and B are skew symmetric

matrix.
 Transpose Matrix
Properties of transpose
T T T
 (A ± B) = A ± B
T T
 (A ) = A
T T
 (AB) = B A A B
T T T

 (kA)T = kAT ,k is a scalar

A Symmetrical Matrix A = AT that is aij = aji

A Skewed Symmetrical Matrix A = -AT , aij  a ji

 Multiplication Of Two Matrices

 b1 
b 
 2
R a1 a 2 a3  a n  C   b3 
 
  
 bn 

RC [a1b1  a2b2  a3b3   anbn ]

Exercises:
 1 2 4 1 2
1. Let A   B  3 
 2 3 0  4
,
3 7 9
 
and C  4 5 1
 2 6 4
Indicate whether the given product is defined.
If so, give the order of the matrix product.
Compute the product, if possible.
(a) AB (b) AC (c) BA
(d) BC (e) CA (f) CB
 2. Let

 3  1 2 1
     3 4
A   4 0  B    1  2 and C  
 2 1  ,
 1 1   2 2

Find , (a) ATB (b) BTA

(c) (BC)T (d) (A+B)T
Answers:
1.(a) Not defined

(b) Defined ; 2 x 3 19 41 27

18 29 21
 
(c) Defined ; 2 x 3
5 8 4
11 18 12
 
(d) Not defined.
(e) Not defined.
 2  12 13 
(b)
12  1
(a)  1 0   13 0

 

 8  7 5  5  5 3
10  8 6 (d)
   0  2 2
 
(c)