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Unit 1

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18 views17 pages

Unit 1

Uploaded by

Charmila Jesu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT I

RELATIONAL DATABASES

Data Models
Data Models

⚫ Data Model is a collection of concept that


can be used to describe structure of the
database.
⚫ Structure of the database means data type
relationship
constraints that should hold the data.
⚫ Data model the set of basic operation for
specifying
retrieve and update the database.
⚫ Data model is a collection of conceptual
tools,
1.Data
2.Data Relationship
3.Data Semantics.
Categories of Data Models :
Categories of Data
Models

Relational Hierarchical
Model Model

Network Entity Relationship


Model Model

Object -Oriented
Model
Relational Model
⚫ This model represent data and relationship
among data by a collection of tables known as
relationship.
⚫ A number of columns unique names.
⚫ Relationship model relate records by the value
that
contain.

Advantage:

• Easy to use
• Flexibility
• Precision
• Security
• Data Independence
Disadvantage
⚫ Low Performance.
⚫ Physical storage consumption.
⚫ Easy of design can lead to bad
design.
⚫ Hardware over heads
Network data Model
⚫ This model represent data by
collection of records and relationship
among data.
⚫ This is represent by link which can be
viewed as pointer.
⚫ There are three components of network
models,

• Record Type
• Data Elements
• Link
Many to one Many to
relationship / many
relationship

T
Teacher Employees
e
Teac Work in
h
Courses
Project
Advantages
• Easy to access data.
• Capability to handle more
relationship type.
• Data Integrity.
• Data Independence.
Disadvantages:
System Complexity.
Operational Anomalies.
Structural Independence.
Hierarchical Data Model
⚫ A DBMS to the hierarchical data model uses tree
structure
to relationship among records.
⚫ A hierarchical database consist of a collection of
records
which are Roo
connected with each other through
Employee
link t
First

Chil Job Assignment Benefi


Second ild ts
d
Ch
Insuranc
e Pension
Salary
Advantages
⚫ It is a simple, straight forward and natural
method of implementing.
⚫ It is a useful when there is some hierarchical
character in the database.
Disadvantages:
 The hierarchical model cannot represent
all the relationship that occurs in the real
world.
 It cannot represent many to many
relationship.
 The hierarchical model use only there is a
hierarchical character in the consider database.
Entity Relationship Model
⚫ The basic E-R diagram was conceived by Peter
Chen in 1976.
⚫ Its requirements in a top-down fashion.
⚫ Diagram created using this process are called
entity- relationship diagram or ER diagram.
Attributes
EMP EMP Designati Salary Dep.No
No. Name o
n
001 Mani Clerk 5000 02
002 Priya Manager 20000 01
003 Arun Clerk 12000 02
Advantages
⚫ The database structure can be efficiently used even with a PC
that has limited main memory and processing.
⚫ ER database is very effective for small database.
⚫ It is very simple and represent logical relationship among the
data items.
Disadvantages:
⚫ Quite complex to hate handle large database.
⚫ Less hierarchical structure of database.
⚫ Limited constraints representation.
⚫ Limited relationship representation.
⚫ No data manipulation languages.
⚫ Less of information content.
Object Oriented Data Model
⚫ A object oriented data model is a logic
organization real world object.
⚫ A database language is concrete syntax for a data
model.
⚫ A database system implement the following basic
object oriented concept,
⚫Object and object identifies.
⚫Attributes and methods.
⚫Class.
⚫Class hierarchical inheritance.
Data Independence

⚫ Data Independency is the to change


capacity
sch ema at one level of database the system
without changing the schema at the next higher level.
⚫ Immunity to lower level implementation details.
⚫ Possibility of adding new application without having to
restructure the database.

Categories of Data Independence:

 Physical Data Independence


 Logical Data Independence
Advantages Data Independence
⚫ Redundancy and inconsistence can be reduce.
⚫ Better service to user.
⚫ Cost of developing and maintaining system
is lower.
⚫ Security can be improved.
⚫ Enterprise requirement can be identified.

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