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CEG 335 Lecture Note 2

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12 views11 pages

CEG 335 Lecture Note 2

Uploaded by

act.cyi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topic 3: Concrete Technology

Concrete
 It is composed primarily of aggregates (Fine & Coarse,
Cement and water.

 It may also contain cementitious materials known as


pozzolans and/or admixtures

 Through hydration, a chemical process, paste hardens


and gain strength to form a rock-like mass known as
concrete.

 Fresh concrete flows to form any shape of mould


/formwork. It solidifies and hardens with time
(hardened concrete).

 Concrete is high in compression but low in tension. It


is a brittle material and cannot take any expansion.

 There is therefore need for a composite material called


‘’Reinforced concrete’’ to cater for the tensile forces
which ordinary concrete cannot resist.
FRESH CONCRETE

Qualities
 Be easily mixed and transported
 Be uniform throughout a given batch
 Have the ability to be compacted
 Not segregated during placing
 Have good finishing characteristics

Properties of fresh concrete


There are 2 major properties of fresh concrete
I. Workability: This is the ease with which concrete mix can be
handled from the concrete mixer to its finally compacted shape
without segregation of constituents.

II. Stability: The constituents of fresh concrete should remain


uniformly distributed during the period between mixing and
compaction.
Now, lets discuss the properties

I. Workability
There are 3 main characteristics of workability:
a) Consistency: Measure of wetness of fluidity
b) Mobility: Ease with which a mix can flow into and completely fill the
formwork or mould
c) Compactability: Ease with which a mix can be compacted to remove all
trapped air and voids

Tests to measure workability


 Slump test
 Compacting factor
 Flow test
 Vebe consistometer

Factors affecting workability


• Constituents materials: cement, aggregates, water
• Ambient conditions: such as temperature, humidity and wind velocity
• Time
Ques: How do these factors affect workability? Explain

• Water-cement ratio: Workability of concrete increases as the fineness of cement increases


and as the amount of water increases.
However, Increased water content also results in reduced strength and bleeding.

• Aggregates: Increasing the proportion of aggregates relative to cement will reduce


workability. Additional sand (fine aggregate) requires more cement in a mix.

• Ambient conditions:
- Temperature: High temperature leads to increase evaporation rate, increase in rate of
hydration and causes reduction in workability

- Same for high wind velocity

Assignment: Discuss how ’’time’’ affects workability of fresh concrete.


II. Stability
Features/characteristics of unstable concrete
• Segregation: Tendency of large and fine particles in a mix to become
separated. Coarse aggregates tend to segregate due to gravity.
Common results of concrete that has segregated are: appearance of
honeycombs, porous layer etc
Honeycombs

• Bleeding: Occurs when the consistency of a mix is such that its


unable to hold all its water thereby causing some of it to be
displaced and rises to the surface.
This can however be controlled by;
- Reducing the volume of water
- Introduction of fines
- Proper compaction of concrete.
HARDENED CONCRETE

Properties of hardened concrete


• Strength
• Durability
• Shrinkage
• Permeability
• Deformation under load
• Fire resistance

READ UP !
Topic 4: Concrete Mix Design/Proportioning Ratio

Prepared by: Dr. (Mrs.) Abiodun


Concrete mix design can be defined as the process of selecting
suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative
amount or proportion with the objective of producing concrete of
the required strength, durability and workability as economically
as possible
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
1. Cost

2. Specifications
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
3. Workability

4. Strength and Durability


Other factors are:
5. The type of cement: This influences the rate of development of compressive
strength of concrete

6. Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete must be within


the limits described in IS 456:2000

TYPES OF CONCRETE
1. According to weight
 Normal weight concrete (2400 kg/m³)
 Light weight concrete (1800 kg/m³)
 Heavy weight concrete (3200 kg/m³)

2. According to strength
 Low strength concrete (< 20 N/mm²)
 Moderate strength concrete (20 to 40 N/mm²)
 High strength concrete (> 40 N/mm²)

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