Computer Communications

& Networks
CSNC-2413

Lec: 1 Computer
• Introduction; Edge, Access, Core N/W Networking: A
Top Down
Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith
Ross
Addison-Wesley
March 2012
 Course Intro
• Basic course in Computer Networking
• Provides overview of… Computer Networks
– What are computer networks allow remote, distributed
– How do they operate applications to
communicate & provide
– How are they designed variety of services
• Adopts TOP DOWN approach…
– Types/needs of the distributed applications for N/Ws
– Various layered functionalities required for remote applications to
communicate
– Relevant networking protocols/standards in wired/wireless domains

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 Course Contents
• Computer Networks & the Internet
– Nuts & Bolts description
– Services description
– Network Edge & Core
– Delay, Loss & Throughput in packet switched networks
– Network architectures (TCP/IP, OSI)

• Application Layer
– Network applications, principles/architectures
– Services required & made available to Apps (by N/W)
– Application layer protocols
(Web/HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, DNS)
– Apps development; Socket Programming (TCP & UDP)
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 Course Contents
• Transport Layer
– Transport layer functions in Internet – Mux & de-Mux
– Connection less, unreliable transport – UDP
– Reliable Data Transfer (Go-Back-N, Selective Repeat ARQ)
– Connection oriented transport – TCP
– TCP Connection management, Flow control, Congestion Control
• Network Layer
– Network service model – Datagram & VC networks
– Forwarding & routing, What’s inside a router
– IPv4 protocol, Addressing, Subnetting, CIDR
– DHCP, NAT, ICMP, IPv6 protocol
– Routing algorithms – LS/DV routing

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 Course Contents
• Link Layer
– Link layer functions
– Multiple access protocols
– Link layer addressing, ARP
– Link layer Technologies
• Ethernet - IEEE 802.3 standard

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Course Contents
• Network Programming :
– Socket Programming
• Client/Server communications paradigm
• TCP & UDP client-server comm
• Iterative & Concurrent servers
(threads & child processes)
• I/O multiplexing, select()

Unix network programming in ‘C’

(Socket API)

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Books Recommended
Text:
Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (6th Ed)
by James F. Kurose & Keith W. Ross

Unix Network Programming – Vol I

by W Richards Stevens

Ref:
Computer Networking: A Systems Approach (5th Ed)
by Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie

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Grading Policy

Quizzes ………. 06 15%

Assignments ………. 04 15%
Class participation ..….…. 05%
Mid-exam ..….…. 25%
Final-exam .……… 40%

Distribution is tentative and flexible

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 Academic Honesty
• Your work in this class must be your own
• If students are found to have:
– collaborated excessively, or
– copied/shared answers
• For the first infraction…
– all involved will, at a minimum, receive grades of 0
• Further infractions…
– will result in failure in course

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Attendance Policy
Strictly in accordance with the Univ policy…

Office Hours
Office :

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Lets Start the Course…

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Chapter 1: Introduction
our goal: overview:
• get “feel” and • What is the Internet?
terminology • What is a network protocol?
• more depth/detail later • Network Edge: hosts, access N/W,
in course physical media
• approach: • Network Core: Internet structure,
– use Internet as packet/circuit switching
example • Performance: loss, delay,
throughput
• Protocol layers, service models

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Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

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What is the Internet: “Nuts & Bolts” view
• What basic components make
up the Internet…
 Computing devices:
PC
(millions are connected)
server • hosts & end systems
wireless • run network apps
laptop • generate/use data
smartphone

 Communication links:
• copper, fiber,
wireless
radio, satellite
links • have some bandwidth
wired
links
(data rate)

 Packet switches:
forward packets (chunks
router
of data)
 switches & routers
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 What’s the Internet: “Nuts & Bolts” view
• Internet: “network of networks”
– hierarchical structure
– interconnected ISPs
(lower tier ISPs, upper tier ISPs, …)
– home N/Ws plug into ISP N/Ws

• Networking “protocols”
– run at end systems & switches
– control sending/receiving of msgs
– e.g, HTTP, DNS, Skype, TCP, IP

• Internet standards
– IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
– RFC: Request for comments

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“Fun” Internet appliances
Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/

Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones

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What’s the Internet: Services view
• What services are provided to Apps
by Internet…
– Apps: Web, Email, VoIP, E-commerce,
Internet TV/radio, audio/video on
demand, video conf, online games, social
nets
– Distributed Apps: involve multiple end
systems that exchange data remotely
– Require different Types of Services:
reliable or unreliable data delivery,
thruput/delay needs, security
– How does N/W provide services to
applications…???
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What’s the Internet: Services view
• End Systems provide an interface
to apps
– Network API
“Functions” that allow “process” on
source end system to…
• “connect” to Internet
• “send/recv” data

– specifies syntax of how an appl

asks Internet to “deliver data”
(provides options for various
types of services …)

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What’s a protocol?
 An important buzzword in computer networking… “Protocol“
“pre-defined set of rules”
 Analogy… Human protocol & Computer Network protocol…

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2 pm
<file>
time

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Network protocols?
• machines need coordination to interact with other machines
• require Network Protocols…

Network protocols define…

format/order of msgs sent/received among network entities,
& actions taken on msg Tx/Rx

 all communications activity in Internet governed by protocols…

 specific msgs sent
 specific actions taken when msgs recvd, or other events occur

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Network Structure
 network edge:
 end systems
 hosts, servers, apps
 access networks
 N/Ws connecting end
systems to edge routers
 wired/wireless comm
links

 network core:
 interconnection of routers
 route pkts from src to dst host
 form network of networks

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The network edge
 End systems (hosts):
 host (run) appl programs
 e.g, Web, email

Client/server model:
 hosts act as clients or servers
 server – always on powerful machine
 client – request/receive service
 e.g, Web browser/server,
Email client/server

Peer-peer model:
 all hosts equal
 minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers
 e.g, BitTorrent

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Access networks
Networks to connect end
systems to edge router
•Several types of access networks
used in various settings…
– home access
– enterprise access
– wireless access

points to note…
•shared or dedicated access ?
•bandwidth (bits per second) of
access network ?

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Home Access

How do homes connect to

Internet
•DigitalSubscriber Line (DSL)
•Cable Internet access
•Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH)
•Dial up modem

Two most prevalent ones are

DSL & Cable

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Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

 LAN used to connect end systems to edge router

 Ethernet : most prevalent access N/W technology
 twisted pair copper wire & LAN switches
 typically 100 Mbps to end systems; 1 - 10 Gbps to servers

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Wireless access networks
• Shared wireless access network connects end system to edge router
– via “access point”or base station

Wireless LANs: Wide-area Wireless access:

 within building (100 ft)  by cellular N/W operator
 802.11b/g (WiFi): 54 Mbps  range 10’s of kms
transmission rate  data rate 1 - 10 Mbps
 3G, 4G, LTE,….
 WiMAX

to Internet

to Internet
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 The network core
• Mesh of interconnected routers
• Fundamental question…
“how is data transferred thru N/W”
– Circuit switching
̶ resources along the path reserved
for Tx duration
e.g, telephone network
̶ guaranteed service
– Packet switching
̶ N/W resources used on demand
e.g, Internet
̶ best effort service

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Physical media: Copper
Physical medium: what lies between transmitter & receiver
carries bits - propagation of electromagnetic waves or optical pulses across
physical medium

• Guided media • Unguided media

– signals propagate in solid media – signals propagate freely
– e.g, copper, fiber, coax – atmosphere, outer-space

Twisted pair (TP)

• two insulated copper wires, in spiral pattern
– Category 5: 100Mbps, 1Gpbs Ethernet
– Category 6: 10Gbps

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Physical media: Coax, fiber
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
 two concentric copper  glass fiber carrying light pulses,
conductors, with shielding each pulse a bit
 bidirectional signal flow  carry tremendous bit rates
 shared medium  e.g, 10 – 100 Gpbs
 end systems connected directly  long haul Tx media
 high bit rates, broadband  low error rate:
 multiple channels on cable  immune to electromagnetic
noise
 repeaters spaced far apart

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Physical media: Radio
Radio Links Radio link types
 Carry signals in electro-  Local Area
magnetic spectrum  wireless LAN (e.g, WiFi)
 Charateristics…  11Mbps, 54 Mbps
 no physical “wire”  Wide Area (e.g, cellular)
 bidirectional  3G/4G cellular: in Mbps
 penetrate walls
 support mobility  Satellite
 link two ground stations
 Propagation environment
 geostationary vs low earth orb
effects…
– reflection (LEO)
– obstruction by objects  upto 100s of Mbps speed
– interference  upto 280 msec end-end delay

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Network Categorization
 Networks categorized based
on their area of coverage:
 Personal Area Network
(PAN)
 Local Area Network
(LAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
 Wide Area Network
(WAN)

also body area network, sensor network,

vehicular network

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Summary
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

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