Chapter Three

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Activity 3.1

What is Artificial?

What is Intelligent?
 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Artificial

o Defines man-made .
 Intelligence
 Defines thinking power or the ability to learn or solve
problems.
 Artificial Intelligence

o Means a man-made thinking power.

o A branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think
like humans, and able to make decisions.
 Composition of Intelligence

 AI exists when a machine can have human based skills such as

learning, reasoning, and solving problems with Artificial intelligence
you do not need to program a machine to do some work, despite
you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can
work with own intelligence. Intelligence is composed of:
o Reasoning

o Learning

o Problem Solving

o Perception

o Linguistic Intelligence
 … Continued

 AI is composed of an agent and its environment.

o An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can

perceive its environment through sensors and acts
upon that environment through effectors.
 In Classical planning problems, the agent can assume
that it is the only system acting in the world, allowing the
agent to be certain of the consequences of its actions.
 Reasoning: If the agent is not the only actor, then it

 requires that the agent can reason under uncertainty.

 … Continued

 Machine Perception: is the ability to use input from

sensors (such as cameras, microphones, sensors, etc.) to
deduce aspects of the world. e.g., Computer Vision.
 High-profile examples of AI: autonomous vehicles (such as
drones and self-driving cars), medical diagnosis, creating art
(such as poetry), proving mathematical theorems, playing
games (such as Chess or Go), search engines (such as
Google search), online assistants (such as Siri), image
recognition in photographs, spam filtering, prediction of
judicial decisions and targeting online advertisements
 … Continued

 Artificial Intelligence Vs Machine Learning Vs Deep Learning:

 Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where the

machine can learn as it goes rather than having every action
programmed by humans and is study of computer algorithms
that improve automatically through experience.
o Neural Networks are biologically inspired networks that
extract features from the data in a hierarchical fashion.
The field of neural networks with several hidden layers is
called deep learning.
 … Continued

Figure 3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML)

and Deep Learning (DL)
 Need for Artificial Intelligence

1. To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior

with the capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and
advice its users.

2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like

humans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-

friendly manner.
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve knowledge-intensive tasks

3. An intelligent connection of perception and action

4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that

requires human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic
 …continued

5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent

behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate,
explain, and can advise to its user.
 What Comprises to AI
 AI is not jus Cs even so vast and requires lots of other factors
that ca contribute to it.
 It requires the following disciplines:

o Mathematics
o Biology
o psychology
o Sociology
o computer science
o Neurons Study and statistics
 ---continued

Figure 3.2 Artificial Intelligence is multidisciplinary

 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High accuracy with fewer errors
• High speed
• High reliability
• Useful for risky areas
• Digital assistant: E-Commerce websites
• Useful as public utility: such as a self-driving car which can
make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for
security purposes, Natural language processing (for search
engines, for spelling checker, for assistant like Siri, for
translation like Google translate), etc.
 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High cost
• Cannot think out of the box: work only for which they are
trained.
• No feelings and emotions: only harmful for users if the
proper care is not taken.
• Increase dependence on machines: humans are losing mental
capabilities because of dependency on machines.
• No Original Creativity: cannot be creative and imaginative
Figure 3.3 History of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Levels of AI
 Stage 1-Rule Based Systems: E.g., Robotic Process Automation and
domestic appliances to aircraft autopilots.
 Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention: are trained on the
knowledge and experience of the best human. E.g., chatbots and
“roboadvisors
 Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise: Builds up expertise in a
specific context and Successful use cases have been seen in cancer
diagnosis and the well-known Google Deepmind’s AlphaGo.
 Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines: They could reason or negotiate
with humans and other machines.
 …Continued

 Stage 5-Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence

(AGI): These systems have human-like intelligence – the most
commonly portrayed AI in media
 Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence (ASI):AI algorithms can
outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every domain.
Fiction has tackled this idea for a long time, for example in the
film Ex Machina or Terminator.
 Stage 3 – Singularity and Transcendence: Human augmentation
could connect our brains to each other and to a future successor
of the current internet, creating a “hive mind” that shares ideas,
solves problems .
 The Seven Levels of AI Maturity

Figure 3.4 The seven layers of AI maturity

 Types of AI

Figure 3.5 types of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 …continued
A. Based on the Capabilities
– Weak AI or Narrow AI: currently available and only
trained for one specific tasks. E.g., Apple Siri, IBM’s
Watson, Google translate, playing chess, purchasing
suggestion on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech
recognition, and image recognition.
– General AI: perform any intellectual task with efficiency
and like a human.
– Super AI: machines could surpass human intelligence,
and can perform any task better than a human with
cognitive properties. E.g., ability to think, to reason, solve
the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate on its own are characteristics of strong AI.
Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of AI.
 …continued
B. Based on the Functionality
– Reactive Machines: do not store memories or past
experiences for future actions. E.g., IBM's Deep Blue
system Google's AlphaGo.
– Limited Memory: store past experiences or some data
for a short period of time. E.g., Self driving cars.
– Theory of Mind: understand human emotions, people,
beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans. This
is still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvements for developing such AI
machines.
– Self-Awareness: It is future AI and smarter than the
human mind.
 How Humans Think

How does a human being think? Intelligence or the cognitive

process is composed of three main stages:
 Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
 Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the
surrounding environment.
 Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received
as input and interpreted and evaluated.
Note: It is possible to map the human thinking stages to the
layers or components of AI systems.
 … stages to the layer of AI systems

1st Stage (Sensing layer): humans acquire information from their

surrounding environments through human senses, such as
sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, through human organs,
such as eyes, ears, and other sensing organs, for example, the
hands.
 In AI models, this stage is represented by the sensing layer,
which perceives information from the surrounding
environment. This information is specific to the AI application.
 … continued

 For example, there are sensing agents such as voice

recognition for sensing voice and visual imaging recognition
for sensing images. Thus, these agents or sensors take the
role of the hearing and sight senses in humans.
2nd Stage (Interpretation layer): interpreting and evaluating input
data.
3rd Stage (Interacting layer): taking action or making decisions.
Robotic movement control and speech generation are
examples of functions that are implemented in the interacting
layer.
 Influencers of artificial intelligence

 Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data

 Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures
 Cloud computing and APIs
 The emergence of data science
 …continued

 Big data: refers to huge amounts of data and requires

innovative forms of information processing to draw
insights, automate processes, and help decision making.
Big data can be structured data that corresponds to a formal
pattern, such as traditional data sets and databases. It also
includes semi-structured and unstructured formats, such as
word-processing documents, videos, images, audio,
presentations, social media interactions, streams, web pages,
and many other kinds of content.
 … Continued

Figure 3.6 Current changes in the data landscape

 Structured data versus unstructured data

• structured data- is information with an organized structure,

such as a relational database that is searchable by simple and
straightforward search engine algorithms or SQL statements.
• Unstructured data -is not contained in a regular database and
is growing exponentially, making up most of the data in the
world.
 … Continued

Figure 3.7 The comparison between the growth of structured

and unstructured data
 Advancements in computer processing speed, new chip
architectures, and big data file systems.
• It enable us to make sense of the information that is generated
by big data more quickly.
• In the past, statisticians and early data scientists were limited
to working with sample data sets.
• In recent years, big data and the ability to process a large
amount of data at high speeds have enabled researchers and
developers to access and work with massive sets of data.
• Processing speeds and new computer chip architectures
contribute to the rapid evolution of AI applications.
• The meaning of big data expanded beyond the volume of data
after the release of a paper by Google
• on MapReduce and the Google File System (GFS), which
evolved into the Apache Hadoop opensource project.
 Cloud computing and application programming interfaces

• It is a general term that describes the delivery of on-

demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-
per-use basis.
• In general, application programming interfaces (APIs)
expose capabilities and services.
• APIs enable software components to communicate with each
other easily.
• The use of APIs as a method for integration injects a level of
flexibility into the application lifecycle by making the task
easier to connect and interface with other applications or
services.
 …continued

• All the significant companies in the AI services market deliver

their services and tools on the internet through APIs over
cloud platforms, for example:
 IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.
 Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web
Services (AWS).
 Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.
 Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud
Platform.
• These services benefit from cloud platform capabilities,
such as availability, scalability, accessibility, rapid
deployment, flexible billing options, simpler operations, and
management.
 … Application of AI

 AI in Agriculture: soil and crop monitoring, predictive analysis

 AI in Health Care: for diagnosis analysis
 AI in Education: AI Chatbot can communicate with students
as a teaching assistant.
 AI in Finance and E-Commerce: Chatbot, adaptive
intelligence, algorithm trading.
 AI in Gaming, Data Security, Social media, Travel and
Transport, Automotive Industry, robotics, and entertainment
 AI tools and platforms

o AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most

difficult problems in computer science, like:
 Search and optimization
 Logic
 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
 Classifiers and statistical learning methods
 Neural networks
 Control theory
 Languages
 …continued

o The most common artificial intelligence platforms include

Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning, oogle Cloud Prediction
API, IBM Watson, TensorFlow, Infosys Nia, Wipro HOLMES,
API.AI, Premonition, Rainbird, Ayasdi, MindMeld, and Meya.
 Some examples of AI application:

• Commuting: Google’s AI-Powered Predictions, Ridesharing

Apps Like Uber and Lyft, and Commercial Flights Use an AI
Autopilot
• Email: Spam filters and smart email categorization
• Social Networking: Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, Snapchat
• Online Shopping: Search, Recommendations.
• Mobile Use: Voice-To-Text, Smart Personal Assistants, Siri and
Google Now, Amazon, Echo
 Chapter Three Review Questions
1. Briefly explain intelligence? What it is composed of?
2. Define artificial intelligence?
3. Why we need artificial intelligence?
4. Write down the driving factors which accelerated the
rise of AI?
5. List down disciplines which artificial intelligence
requires?
6. Write the pros and cons of AI?
7. Who coined the term AI for the first time?
8. Who is Alan Turing? What is his contribution to AI?
 …continued
9. What are the seven stages of AI? Briefly explain each of them?
10. Based on the level of strength we can classify AI into three,
briefly explain each of them?
11. Based on the functionality we can classify AI into four,
briefly explain each of them?
12. Briefly explain the mapping of human thinking to artificial
intelligence components?
13. Why big data influence the rise of AI?
14. Write down some applications of AI in agriculture, health,
education, and business?
15. List down some well-known AI tools and platforms? 16. List
down some concrete examples of AI in social media, online
shopping, and mobile phone usage?
 End

Thank You !!!