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Harmonics - What Are They

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Ahmed Salah
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13 views22 pages

Harmonics - What Are They

Uploaded by

Ahmed Salah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Harmonics

: Prepared By

Sayed Salah Sayed

: Under Help Of
The Group Of drive project
? Harmonics - What are they
• Harmonics is a term used to describe the shape or characteristic of a
voltage or current waveform with respect to the fundamental frequency
in an electrical distribution system

+ Figure 2 : 5th Harmonic with


Figure 1 : Fundamental Sine Wave Frequency = 5 times fundamental frequency

=
Figure 3 : Combination of the above two waveforms results in a distorted sine wave
?Which came first
–

• In this case…the Egg!


– Current distortion causes Voltage distortion
– Voltage distortion is created by pulling distorted
current through an impedance
– Amount of voltage distortion depends on:
• System impedance
• Amount of distorted current pulled through the
impedance
• If either increases, VTHD will increase
Expected Harmonics

Source Typical Harmonics*


6 Pulse Drive/Rectifier 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19…
12 Pulse Drive/Rectifier 11, 13, 23, 25…
18 Pulse Drive 17, 19, 35, 37…
Switch-Mode Power Supply 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13…
Fluorescent Lights 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13…
* Generally, magnitude decreases as harmonic order
increases
Harmonic Spectrum
Today’s AC VSD’s are
Pulse Width Modulated

AC Line

Motor

Input rectifier Inverter


Filter
Input rectifier converts AC line voltage to fixed voltage DC.
Most Drives use 6 Pulse Diode Bridge Rectifiers
DC voltage is filtered to reduce ripple caused by rectification. 6-Pulse
generate 5,7,11,13,17,19,23,25 etc.. …. harmonics
Inverter changes fixed voltage DC to adjustable AC voltage and
frequency which is fed to the motor.
To limit level of distortion of current drawn:
by equipment connected to AC Power lines

Current only flows when AC supply


voltage is greater than capacitor voltage.
Current is distorted with high harmonic
content.
To
AC Load
Supply

Power Supply input circuit

Problems :
• Reduced Power Factor
- Heats cables which must be
over-sized
• Distorted Voltage
- Reduced efficiency of motors
• E.M. Interference
• Neutral Burn Out in
3 Phase 4 wire Systems
Fourier Analysis : Any periodic waveform may be split up into sinewaves at
the fundamental frequency and multiples of that frequency (Harmonics).

Fourier Analysis
Specific Harmonics
Filtering
-Problems due to Specific Harmonics

Overheating of transformers and rotating equipment


Neutral overloading/unacceptable neutral-to-ground
voltages
Distorted voltage and current wave forms
Failed capacitor banks
Increased Hysteresis losses
Fuses and Breaker tripping
Wasted energy/High electric bill
Erroneous resister of electric meters
Unreliable operation of electronic equipment and
generators
Wasted capacity-inefficient distribution of power
Increased maintenance of equipment and machinery
Power Factor
Improvement
-Problems due to Power Factor

Without PFCC
Increased line losses- I2R
With PFCC Wasted generation capacity
Wasted distribution/transformer capacity
Wasted system capacity
Reduced system efficiency
Increased maximum demand and related charges
Possible power factor charges
Increased maintenance of equipment and
machinery
Wasted energy/High electric bill
Wasted investment and operating capital
Voltage Distortion Limits
Harmonic Voltage
Distortion Limits
-Problems due to Harmonics
Overheating of transformers and rotating equipment
Increased Hysteresis losses
Neutral overloading/unacceptable neutral-to-ground voltages
Distorted voltage and current wave forms
Failed capacitor banks
Fuses and Breaker tripping
Unreliable operation of electronic equipment and generators
Erroneous resister of electric meters
Wasted energy/High electric bill
HARMO NICS

Fundamental
Amplitude

h3
h5
h7
Sum

Time
Problems Harmonics Could
Cause
Elevated RMS current
Circuit Breaker Trips
Nuisance Fuse Blowing
Reduced Equipment Life
Transformers, Conductors, Breakers, •
Switches
Equipment Malfunctions
High Frequency Currents
Reduces Effective Power Factor
More about Harmonics

Even harmonics (2nd, 4th …) are in phase with the


fundamental, cancel each other and are not a concern to
most installations although even harmonics do add to the a
.minor amount to total line currents

Odd harmonics (3rd, 5th …) are out of phase with the


fundamental, add to fundamental current and are a major
concern to most installations and do add a significant amount
to the total line currents. Odd harmonics contribute greatly
to the non-sinusoidal current waveform with non-linear loads
.such as AC drives
? What are Harmonics

Harmonic - A sinusoidal component of a


periodic wave or quantity having a
frequency that is a integral multiple of the
.fundamental frequency

Characteristic Harmonics - Those harmonics


produced by semiconductor converter
equipment in the course of normal
operation. In a six pulse converter, the
characteristic harmonics are the non-triple
odd harmonics, for example, the 5th, 7th,
IEEE 519-1992 Definitions .11th, 13th, etc
? How are harmonics generated

In discontinuous conduction •
situations non-linear loads
contribute an infinite number
of odd and even harmonic
.currents
Harmonic currents are •
multiples of the fundamental
frequency (60Hz) that are
greater than the fundamental
.frequency

VFD Input Current


Without Filter
Harmonics
: Prepared By

Alaa Hussien Mahmoud


: Under Help Of
The Group Of drive project
Harmonics
: Prepared By

Mohamed Ali Abd EL


Gawad
: Under Help Of
The Group Of drive project
Harmonics
: Prepared By

Mohamed Ragab Hamada

: Under Help Of
The Group Of drive project

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