Approaches to Management in

Education.
B. Ed 3rd Semester.
 Management Approach
 Management approaches are techniques that are used to
direct and control an organization.
 These may be adopted by an organization or an
individual manager as an element of their style.
 The following are common examples of management
approaches: direction, control, command, supervision,
organizing and leadership etc.
 Classical Approach
 Definition of Classical Approach "Classical approach of
management professes the body of management thought
based on the belief that employees have only economical
and physical needs and that the social needs & need for job
satisfaction either does not exist or are unimportant.
Accordingly it advocates high specialization of
labour,centralized decision making & profit
maximization."
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 Classical approach is the oldest formal school of
thought which began around 1900 and continued into
the 1920s.
 Its mainly concerned with the increasing the efficiency

of workers and organizations based on management

practices, which were an outcome of careful
observation.
 Classical approach mainly looks for the universal

principles of operation in the striving for economic

efficiency.
Categories of Classical Approaches

• Scientific Approach.
1.

• Bureaucratic Approach.
2.

• Administrative Approach.
3.
 Scientific Approach
 F.W Taylor is the father of scientific management
theory. He is the person who have given importance on
efficiency for that reason he has published a book
known as Piece Rate theory system. According to this
book or article employees should be paid on the basis
of their efficiency not on the basis of times spent.
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 The 4 Principles of F.W. Taylor
 1. Science should be replaced to rule of thumb.
 2. He believes in systematic requirement of employees. he has given
impotence on training and developments of the employees as per the
environment .
 3. He believes in heartily coordination and cooperation between
deferent depts.
 4. He has put towards a view before the management to decision of
rules and responsibility as per efficiency.
 Bureaucratic Approach
 This theory has been put towards by max Webber. According to him
administration of organization is most important he has given stress on
rules and regulations for running the organization.
 After his theory the administrative dept. was introduce on the organization
he has 4 principles of better management of the organization.
 1. Division of labor.
 2. Setting of rule and principles.
 3. Maintain and deference between personal and official thing.
 4. Proper selection and development of employees.
 Administrative Approach
 This theory had been put forward by Henry Fayol’s. He has divided to total
work of an organization into 6 parts:
 1. Technical.
 2. Commercial.
 3. Security.
 4. Financial.
 5. Accounting.
 6. Management.
 On the basis of the 6 units he has given 14 principle of management.
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 14 Principles of Henry Fayol's
 1. Division of work .
 2. Authority and responsibility.
 3. Discipline.
 4. Unit of command.
 5. Unit of direction.
 6. Subordinations of individual interest to common goal.
 7. Remuneration.
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 8. Centralization.
 9. Scalar chain.
 10. Order.
 11. Equity.
 12. Stability of tenure.
 13. Initiative.
 14. Esprit de crops.
 Neo Classical Approach
 Neo classical approach was first set out by Alfred
Marshall in his book principles of economics,
published in 1890’s.
 George Elton Mayo is considered as founder of neo

classical theory.
 The word neo means “new”.
 The word classical refers to work done by group of

economists in the back (18 & 19) century.

Types of Neo Classical Approaches.

• Human Relation
1. Movement.
• Behavioral
2. Theory.
 Human Relation Movement
 Elton Mayo (1880–1949) was an Australian psychologist, sociologist, went to

Harvard University. •
 spent most of his career at Harvard Business School as Professor of Industrial

Research.
 Main focus was on the people working in an organization.
 Elton Mayo conducted a research activity in Hawthorne Electric Plant in 1924 to

research effect of physical conditions on productivity called as Hawthorne

Studies.
 Research activities had been conducted between 1924-1930.
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 Researchers tested the effects of:
 Lightning .
 Heating.
 Job breaks.
 Physical arrangements.
 On productivity, But, they could not found any relation

between
 Contribution of HRM
 A business organization is also a social system.
 A worker does not work for money only.
 Employee-centric, democratic and participative style of

leadership is more efficient.

 A worker’s production norm is set and enforced by his

group not by time and motion study.

 Behavioral Theory
 Mature version Human Relations theory.
 Mary Follet, Abraham Maslow and others contributed to it.
 How managers should personally behave to motivate employees and
encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to the
achievement of organization goals.
 Favor participation in the establishment, evaluation of standards of
performance.
 Makes an effort to make managers more sensitive to their employee
needs.
Contribution of Behavioral Theory
 Advocates situational approach.
 Builds confidence among employees.
 A conducive environment is created.
 Conclusion
 Organization is a social system also.
 Human resource is the most important asset of any

organization.
 Modern Approach
 The Classical Management Theory asserts that only
money motivates employees. That, however, is an
inadequate proposition, and the Modern Theory of
Management came up in response to it. According to
the concept of modern management, employees are
motivated by several different factors.
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 It’s important to understand what is the modern theory of
management in a larger sense. The modern theory of
organization uses mathematical analysis combined with an
objective understanding of the range of human emotions
and motivation. A manager then can use mathematics and
statistics to gauge an employee’s motivation and measure
their performance. Essentially, it is about understanding
what makes an employee tick.
Types of Modern Approaches

1. 2. 3.
• Quantitative. • System. • Contingency.
 Quantiative Theory
 Amid World War 2, military leaders from the United States and

the United kingdom assembled a team of managers, government

administrators and scientists to help them determine how to

make the most efficient use of available resources.

 Experts used Taylor and Gantt’s mathematical and statistical

approaches from various fields to solve these logistical issues.

Thus, the quantitative theory of management was developed.

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 In this modern theory of organization, managerial
decision-making is aided by the use of statistical
methods. However, this concept of modern
management isn’t sufficient to run an organization.
 A humanistic approach and an understanding of human
motivation are also needed to make the best use of the
workforce.
 System Theory
 The Systems Theory of Management opens up a new
world for managers and gives them a new management
approach. This modern theory of organization proposes
that a business comprises different parts that have to
work in synergy to perform efficiently.
 Thus, it emphasizes synergy and interrelation between
the various limbs of an organization.
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 According to this concept of modern management, having a
good workforce is critical to an organization’s success. All the
departments and sub-units of an organization are crucial to its
long-term viability and growth.
 Managers in the real world are expected to analyze their
organization’s patterns and events to figure out the best
management strategy. As a result, they can work together on a
variety of projects.
 Contingency Theory
 The contingency theory of management says that no single
management strategy works for every organization. Instead,
many internal and external factors have an impact on the
management strategy that’s ultimately chosen.
 This modern theory of organization believes that there are
three things at play when figuring out a management strategy:
the size of an organization, the technology it uses and the
leadership style.
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 Fred Fiedler developed this concept of modern
management. According to Fiedler, leadership qualities are
directly linked to how well a leader manages their team.
 Every situation has its own set of leadership traits,
according to Fiedler’s theory. Furthermore, it implies that a
leader must be agile enough to change with the times.
Benefits of the Modern Theory of Management

 Here are the benefits of the modern theory of management:

 Increases Productivity
 The different theories of modern management educate leaders

on maximizing the value of their human resources.

 In other words, rather than spending money on new equipment

or a new marketing strategy, businesses should focus on

training their employees.

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 Strengthens Decision-Making Abilities
 When evaluating an organization or a department, managers

can use modern management theories as a guide.

 Managers who know what to look for are better able to spot

issues and begin formulating solutions.

 They can also use mathematical techniques to help them come

to final decisions and support their solutions.

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 Increases Employee Engagement
 The concept of modern management looks at motivational

elements other than money. Through this, managers can

identify and implement processes that take into account the

needs and wants of their employees.

 As a result, employees’ morale and engagement will rise and

they’ll be more likely to stay on with the organization.

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 Gives Managers An Objective View of Things
 Mathematics plays a vital role in modern management theory. Objective

data that’s appropriately analyzed never lies. On the other hand, using

personal feelings to make decisions can backfire.

 Moreover, managers can test a variety of options to see which one best

serves the organization.

 As a result, managers will be much more equipped to implement efficient

and effective solutions after studying the modern theory of management.

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 Increases Adaptability
 Modern management theory understands that organizations
today frequently operate in dynamic environments.
 According to this theory, managers should be prepared to use
various methods and approaches to deal effectively with their
organizations’ internal and external influences.
 New technology and statistical modeling can be used to
improve processes and develop solutions.