ETHERNET

TEAM MEMBERS:

Anagha Saraswathi M 4SF21EC006

Ankitha 4SF21EC007
Disha 4SF21EC021
Komal Turamari 4SF22EC403
Introduction to Ethernet/IEEE 802.3
Ethernet History:
•First introduced in the 1970s.
•Designed for local area networks (LANs) in office and technical environments.
IEEE 802.3 Evolution:
•Derived from Ethernet to establish standards for physical and data link layers.
•Ensures interoperability and reliability.
Core Concept:
•Shared 10 Mbps bus with the CSMA/CD MAC method for equitable resource sharing.
 CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)

Definition:
•Carrier Sense: Stations check if the bus is free.
•Multiple Access: All stations share the same
medium.
•Collision Detection: Detect and handle frame
transmission conflicts.
Key Features:
•Frames contain addresses for both source and
destination.
•Every station receives every broadcasted frame.
Fig(a): CSMA/CD worst case collision detection
Importance: Ensures fair and efficient use of
shared resources.
CSMA/CD: Collision Handling
Collision Scenarios:
•Collisions occur when two or more stations transmit simultaneously on the shared medium.
•Overlapping signals corrupt the transmitted frames, rendering them unreadable and requiring
retransmission.
•More common under high traffic conditions or with longer cable lengths.
Detection Mechanism:
•Each station continuously compares the signal it is transmitting with the signal on the bus.
•If the signals differ during transmission, the station detects a collision.
•Collision detection ensures rapid recovery and prevents wasted bandwidth from prolonged
corrupted frames.
Worst-Case Timing:
•The maximum delay for detecting a collision is determined by the cable length and
propagation delay.
•For a 2.5 km Ethernet cable with 10 Mbps speed, this delay is up to 50 µs.
•Minimum frame size (64 bytes or 512 bits) ensures that a collision is detected before a frame
is fully transmitted.
Collision Management
Collision Handling After Detection:
•When a collision is detected, all transmitting stations immediately halt transmission.
•A jam sequence (32 bits of random data) is sent to ensure all stations recognize the collision.
Backoff Strategy for Retransmission:
•To prevent repeated collisions, stations wait for a random time before retrying transmission.
•The Truncated Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm ensures fairness:
•After the first collision, the station picks a random wait time between 0 and 1 slot time (51.2 µs for 10
Mbps Ethernet).
•After subsequent collisions, the range doubles: 0–3 slot times, then 0–7, up to 1023 slot times
(maximum limit after 10 attempts).
Ensuring Efficiency:
•Limits retransmissions to prevent network congestion.
•Reduces repeated collisions by randomizing retransmission intervals, especially under heavy traffic loads.
•Enhances network performance by balancing fairness with collision recovery speed.
Ethernet Cabling Options
10Base2:
•Thin coaxial cable, 200 m segment length, easier to install than thick cable.
10Base5:
•Thick coaxial cable, 500 m segment length, supports longer distances but less flexible.
10BaseT:
•Twisted-pair cabling, max 100 m, uses star topology with hubs.
10BaseF:
•Optical fiber cabling, supports up to 1.5 km, ideal for backbone connections.
Twisted-Pair Topology
Star Configuration:
•Stations are connected to a central hub using twisted-pair cables, forming a star layout.
•The hub retransmits incoming signals to all connected stations, emulating the broadcast
functionality of a shared bus.
Cable Characteristics:
•Uses Category 3 UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair), commonly employed in telephony.
•Contains four twisted pairs, with Ethernet using two pairs - one pair for transmitting data,
one pair for receiving data.
Advantages of Twisted-Pair:
•Flexible, easy to install, and cost-effective compared to coaxial cable.
•Supports cable lengths of up to 100 meters per connection.
Scalability:
•Hubs typically accommodate 8 to 16 stations.
•Larger networks can stack hubs or connect them via repeaters or bridges for extended reach.
•Optical fiber is often used to link hubs for longer distances (up to 1.5 km).
Frame Format
Preamble and Synchronization:
•A 7-byte pattern (10101010) allows receiving stations to synchronize with incoming frames.
Frame Components:
•Start-of-Frame Delimiter (SFD): A unique byte (10101011) marking the beginning of valid
data.
•MAC Addresses:
•Include source and destination addresses (16 or 48 bits).
•Can target individual, group, or broadcast recipients.
•Type/Length Field: Specifies the protocol type or the data payload size in IEEE802.3.
•Data Field: Contains the network-layer data, padded if shorter than the minimum frame size.
•Frame Check Sequence (FCS): A 4-byte Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) for error
detection.
Frame Transmission Process
Encapsulation:
•Data from higher layers is packaged into the Ethernet frame format.
Carrier Sense:
•The station ensures the medium is idle before starting transmission.
Collision Detection:
•The station monitors signals on the cable during its transmission.
•A mismatch triggers a jam sequence to notify others of the collision.
Interframe Gap:
•A short pause allows the receiver to process the last frame before new transmission begins.
Retry Mechanism:
•After a collision, retransmission occurs following a random backoff interval to avoid
further contention.
Frame Reception Process
Detection and Synchronization:
•Carrier sense detects incoming frames, and the preamble aligns the receiver’s timing.
Frame Validation:
•Frames are checked for:
•FCS errors (CRC mismatch).
•Compliance with size limits (64–1518 bytes).
Processing:
•If valid, the destination MAC address is inspected:
•If addressed to this station (or group), data is passed to the LLC sublayer.
•Invalid or mismatched frames are discarded.
Operational Parameters
Frame Size:
•Minimum: 64 bytes (ensures collision detection).
•Maximum: 1518 bytes, including headers and CRC.
Encoding:
•Manchester encoding is used for reliable clock synchronization.
Interframe Gap:
•A 9.6-microsecond pause between transmissions ensures orderly traffic and processing.
Efficiency:
•Parameters like frame size and backoff are designed to optimize performance under heavy
traffic.
 Hub Configurations

Repeater Hubs:
•Simple hubs repeat and broadcast received signals.
•Support up to 16 stations per hub.
Extended Networks:
•Use optical fibers for central hubs to extend reach
up to 1.5 km.
•Additional hubs connected via repeaters or bridges.

Fig(b): Hub configuration principles:

topology, repeater schematic
Network Performance and Limitations
Throughput:
•Maximum throughput is 10 Mbps in traditional Ethernet networks (IEEE 802.3), but
modern implementations can support higher speeds (e.g., 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps).
•Throughput is highest when traffic is light and collisions are minimized.
Collisions:
•Collisions are more likely with high network traffic, reducing efficiency.
•CSMA/CD helps manage collisions, but frequent collisions can slow down the network.
•Backoff mechanism increases delay with each retransmission attempt after a collision.
Scalability:
•Ethernet is scalable through the use of repeaters, hubs, and switches.
•Networks can be expanded by stacking hubs or connecting through bridges.
•Switches improve performance by reducing collision domains and allowing for full-duplex
communication.
Advantages of Twisted-Pair Ethernet
Installation:
•Twisted-pair cables (especially UTP) are easier to install and more flexible than coaxial cables.
•Ideal for office setups with numerous stations due to simple cabling and easy maintenance.
Cost-Effective:
•Ethernet over CAT3 UTP cables is affordable and widely available, making it a cost-effective
solution for small to medium-sized networks.
•Compared to fiber optic or coaxial cables, twisted-pair is significantly less expensive.
Compatibility:
•Ethernet over twisted-pair integrates easily with existing telecommunication infrastructure in
most offices.
•The transition to higher-speed Ethernet can be done without major changes to the network
structure, supporting future scalability.
Fig(c): CSMA/CD MAC sublayer operation: transmit, receive
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