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Module 2 Measurement

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15 views

Module 2 Measurement

Uploaded by

Ritchel Ciprian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SED SCI 211

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
MEASUREMENTS
INTRODUCTION
Why is there so much Mathematics in
Chemistry?
This because scientists agree that in many
cases, we can not interpret an observation until
we measure it or put a number on it. Most of the
experiment in Chemistry and chemical
application are expressed numerically, and this
requires measurement and measuring devices
that determine the umber of units of fractional
units needed.
INTRODUCTION
Chemistry release on the measurement of mass(m),
volume(v), and temperature(t). Also the hypothesis ,
theories and laws that describe matter and energy
are usually base on quantitative reproducible
measurements.
A number of common device enable us to make
simple measurement of substance’s properties. The
meter stick measures length or scale; the burette,
pipet, graduated cylinder and the volumetric flask
measures volume, the balance measures mass: the
thermometer measures tmeperature.
INTRODUCTION
Measurement is the collection
of quantitative data. The
proper handling and
interpretation of measurement
are essential in Chemistry and
in any scientific endeavor. It
determines quantity and extent
of matter and energy usually in
comparison with standard.
The International System of Units

The system was introduced in France in


1799 (during French revolution). It
spread gradually through out the most
of the world, first to the scientific
community and then to commerce and
everyday life except in the English
speaking countries.
Common Basic
Units used in
Chemistry
The International System of Units

The system was established by an


international treaty at the Metric
convention in Paris in1875,and has
since extended and improved. Currently
the established official system is
called the International System of Units
(Systeme International d’ Unites,
abbrebriated SI).
The International System of Units
Table 1: SI Base Units

Base Quantity Name of unit Symbol


Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second s
Electrical current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
Approved Numerical Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Relation to Decimal Equivalent
Basic Unit
Tera T 1012 1,000,000,000,000
Giga G 109 1,000,000,000
Mega M 106 1,000,000
Kilo k 103 1,000
Hecto h 102 100
Deca da 10 10
Deci d 10-1 0.1
Centi c 10-2 0.01
Milli m 10-3 0.001
Micro µ 10-6 0.000,001
Nano n 10-9 0.000,000,001
Pico p 10-12 0.000,000,000,001
Femto f 10-15 0,000,000,000,000,001
Atto a 10-18 0.000,000,000,000,000,001
Zepto z 10-21 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,001
yocto y 10-24
Formula Used to Calculate Volume
Geometric Figure Formula of Volume
Cube
Cylinder h
Rectangular solid Lwh
Sphere ¾ πr2
Conversion of Some Common Units
Length
Conversion of Some Common Units
Mass
Mass and Weight
Mass is a measure of the quatity of
matter in an object. The terms “mass”
and “weight” are often used
interchangeably but they refer to
different quantities. For scientific
purposes, weight refers to the force
that gravity exerted on the object.
Mass and Weight
Mass and Weight
The mass of an object can be
determined readily with a balanced, and
this process is called weighing.
Conversion of Some Common Units
Volume
Time

The SI unit of time is second(s). It is


originally defined as [1/86,400] of the
length of the day. Now, second is
defined as the duration of just under 10
billion (specifically 9,192,631,770)
oscillations of the light waves emitted by
Cesium Atoms.
Time

Atomic clock was accurate that it would only gain or lose one second in
three hundred years. Modern atomic clocks can be as much as a million
times more accurate than this, and underpin satellite technology, like GPS
or the internet.
Temperature
Temperature is important in Chemistry
because it affects the properties of
substance , including the physical state
of a substance and the ability to
undergo chemical change.
Temperature
Temperatures in
Chemistry are
reported on the
Celsius scale
named after Anders
Celsius, the 18th
century Swedish
astronomer who
devised it.
Temperature
Celsius to Fahrenheit ° F = 9/5 ( ° C) + 32

Kelvin to Fahrenheit ° F = 9/5 (K - 273) + 32

Fahrenheit to Celsius ° C = 5/9 (° F - 32)

Celsius to Kelvin K = ° C + 273

Kelvin to Celsius ° C = K - 273

Fahrenheit to Kelvin K = 5/9 (° F - 32) + 273


Heat and Specific Heat
Heat is a form of energy which is
measured in units such as the joule or
calorie. The joule is the SI unit of
energy. (q = m CpΔT )
1 cal = 4.184 J
Heat can also be expressed in BTU
(British Thermal Unit) 1BTU = 252
calories of heat.
Heat and Specific Heat
Significant Figures
Every measurement is uncertain to some
extent. Suppose we are measuring the
volume of a liquid in a buret, we could read it
as 18.26 ml, but the last digit, the 6 is a
volume is a little more of a guess. Three
students looking at the same set-up might
read the volume as 18.25 ml, 18.27 ml or
18.26 lm.
Significant Figures
All three students would agree that is was
18.2 something ml, but might disagree about
the something. Even if we averaged the
readings to 18.26 ml, the last digit will be
uncertain. So by convention, the last digit in
any reported measurement is assumed to be
uncertain by ±1. We may interpret 18.26 ml,
for example, that the true volume lies
between 18.25 ml, and 18.27 ml.
Significant Figures
The digits in the measurement up to and
including the first uncertain digit (the 6 in
18.26 ml) are significant figures in the
measurement. The importance of significant
figure is that they indicate the reliability of a
given measurement.
Reporting Numerical Results
Numerical result can be calculated to as
many decimal places as one might desire
(particularly with uses of calculator). The
number of decimal places that should be
reported in a calculated result dependent
upon the accuracy of the number that enter
into calculations.
Reporting Numerical Results
The number of significant figures included in
a number is customarily taken to imply the
numbers accuracy. The following discussion
of significant figures presents a set of rules
which, although they are not rigorous, when
followed gives an answer reflecting the
accuracy of the data.
Significant Figures
Significant Figures
Significant Figures
Rounding-off Numbers
The or two extra figures maybe carried
through a calculation and then the number of
figures is reduced in the final answer by
rounding off extraneous figures so that the
answer contains the correct number of
significant figures.
Rounding-off Numbers
Rounding-off Numbers
The answer resulting from any one or from a series of these
operations should be determined by the original number that
has the smallest number of significant figures.

Examples:
1.7 ft × 6.5062 ft =11.06054 ft2
=11 ft (rounds off to two significant figures)

7.32 cm = 0.0641823 = 0.0642 (rounds off to three significant figures)


114.05 cm
TO BE CONTINUED…
THANK YOU!

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