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HPI-5 Matrix & Determinant

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23 views18 pages

HPI-5 Matrix & Determinant

Uploaded by

usaha779
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATRICES AND DETERMINANT

# MATRIX: A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers of functions. The


numbers or functions are called the elements or the entries of the matri x.

# ORDER OF MATRIX: A matrix of order mxn is of the form

A= a11 a12 a13 ……… a1n


a21 a22 a23 ……… a2n
a31 a32 a33 ……… a3n
……………………………………
……………………………………
am1 am2 am3 ………amn Where, m represents number of rows and n
represents of columns. In notation form, it can be rewritten as A= [aij ]mxn
Q. Find the order of the following matrices-

i). 1 2 6 ii) 1 0 0
5 -1 8 2 1 0 [Try]
3 5 7

Ans: (i). Let, A= 1 2 6 = [aij ]mxn


5 -1 8

Since, the matrix A, we have number of rows are two i.e. i=1, 2 and the numbers of columns
are three i.e. j=1, 2, 3

⸫ A= [aij ]2x3
Therefore, the order of matrix A=(2x3)
# TYPES OF MATRICES:
i) Row Matrix: A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.

ii) Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix.

iii) Zero or Null matrix: If all the elements of a matrix are Zero, then it is called a Zero
matrix or Null matrix. It is denoted by symbol 0.

iv) Square matrix: A matrix in which number of rows and number of columns are equal
is called a square matrix.

v) Diagonal matrix: A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix, if all the elements
lying outside the diagonal elements are zero.
vi) Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal is called a
scalar matrix.

For Example- 3 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 3

vii) Unit or Identity matrix: A square matrix having 1 (one) on its principle diagonal and 0
(Zero) is called an identity matrix. It is denoted by symbol I.

For example- 1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
# OPERATION MATRICES:

i) Addition of matrices
For example: If A= 1 5 and B= 1 0
-1 3 0 1

⸫ A+B= 1 5 + 1 0
-1 3 0 1

A+B= 1+1 5+0


-1+0 3+1

A+B= 2 5
-1 4

ii) Subtraction of matrices


iii) 2x2 multiplication of matrices

Example: A= B= 4 6
3 5
4 2 5 3

3x3 multiplication of matrix

Example: A= B=
2 3 5 9 3 1
3 7 1 10 2 6
4 2 5 11 1 2
# Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:

Let, A= [aij ]mxn be any matrix and K be any constant (scalar). Then the product of
constant and matrix is KA.
i.e. K.A=K .[aij ]mxn
= [Kaij ]mxn

For Example: if K=5 and A= 1 4 7


0 8 9
2 3 1

Multiplication of a matrix=K.A
=5. 1 4 7
0 8 9
2 3 1

= 5x1 5x4 5x7


5x0 5x8 5x9
5x2 5x3 5x1
# Transpose of a Matrix: The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns of a given matrix A, is called transpose of a matrix A. it is denoted by A’
or AT or Ac

# Properties of Transpose of Matrix:

i. (A’)’=A

ii. (A±B)’=A’ ± B’

iii. (KA)’=KA’, where k is any constant

iv. (AB)’= B’ A’ [Reversal law]

For example: A=
2 5 then, A’= 2 1
1 4
Q. Find A= 7 3
1 8 , find (A’)’

Q2. if A= 3 4 5 B= 7 2 5
2 1 6 6 19 , find A’+B’, B’ A’

Q3. If A= 1 -1
-2 3 , find A2 - 2A –I

Q4. If A = 7 2 and B= 1 4

8 9 0 5 , find A+2B, A-B, AB


DETERMINANT
Every square matrix A of order n is associated with a number, called its Determinant and
it is denoted by det(A ) or │A│.
For example: 1) det(A) or │ A │ = a11 a12 = a11*a22 –a12*a21
a21 a22
2 det(A) or │ A │ = a11 a12 a13 = a11(a22*a33 –a32*a23) – a12(a21*a33 – a31*a23)
a21 a22 a23 +a13(a21*a32 – a31*a22)
a31 a32 a33

Find the value of the determinant ∆= 1 3 4


1 -2 0
1 3 6

Q. Evaluate │ A │ = cosx sinx


-sinx cosx
# Properties of Determinants:
1. If the rows and columns of determinant are interchanged, then the value of
the determinant remains unchanged.
2. If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then sign of
such determinant becomes change.
3. If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are identical, then the value of
such determinant is zero.
4. If each element of a row(column) is multiplied by a constant K , then the
value of the determinant is multiplied by constant K.
5. If the element of any row (column) of a determinant is added K times, the
corresponding element of any other row (column) of the determinant, then
the value of determinant remains same.
6. If some or all elements of a row (column) of a determinant are expressed
as sum of two (more) terms, then such determinant can be expressed as
sum of two (more) determinant of the same order.
7. If all elements of any two rows (column) of a determinant are proportional,
then the value of such determinant becomes zero.
8. If all elements of any rows (column) of a determinant are zero, then the
value of such determinant becomes zero.
Q. Prove that a b c = abc(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

Ans: LHS: a b c
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

=abc 1 1 1
a b c (Taking a, b, c common from columns c1, c2 and c3 respectively)
a2 b2 c2

=abc 1 0 0 Using operation c2→c2-c1, and c3→c3-c1


a b-a c-a
a2 b2-a2 c2 – a2

= abc(b-a)(c-a) 1 0 0 = abc(b-a)(c-a) [1.(c+a)-(b+a) + 0 +0]


a 1 1
a2 b+a c+a = abc(a-b)(b-c)(c-a) (RHS)
Q. Prove that a+b+2c a b =2(a+b+c)˄3
c b+c+2a b
c a a+c+2b

Hints: 1st step ; c1→c1+c2+c3

2nd step; R2→R2-R1 and R3→R3-R1

Q. Prove that 1 x yz = (y-z)(z-x)(x-y)


1 y zx
1 z xy

Hints: step; R2→R2-R1 and R3→R3-R1


CRAMERS RULE:
Let the n linear simultaneous equations in unknowns x1, x2, x3,……..xn be

a11x1+a12x2+a13x3+……….+a1nxn=b1
a21x1+a22x2+a23x3+………+a2nxn=b2
A31x1+a32x3+a33x3+……..+a3nxn=b3
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
an1x1+an2x2+an3x3+…………+annxn=bn

∆= a11 a12 a13 ……… a1n


a21 a22 a23 ……… a2n
a31 a32 a33 ……… a3n ≠0 ; xi=∆i/ ∆, i=1,2,3….n ; where ∆≠0
……………………………………
……………………………………
an1 an2 an3 ………ann
Q. Solve the following system of linear equations with the help of cramer,s rule
x+2y+3z=6
2x+4y+z=7
3x+2y+9z=14

Ans: Let, ∆= 1 2 3 =-20 , since ∆≠0


2 4 1
3 2 9

∆1/ ∆ x= 6 2 3
7 4 1 = -20
14 2 9

∆2/ ∆y = 1 6 3
2 7 1 = -20
3 14 9

∆3/ ∆z= 1 2 6
2 4 7 = -20
3 2 14

Using cramer’s rule, x= ∆1/ ∆=-20/-20=1, y= ∆2/ ∆= -20/-20=1, z= ∆3/ ∆=-20/-20=1


Hence x=1, y=1 and z=1
Q. Solving by Cramer’s rule-
3x-5y=1
2x+5y=9

Try

Q. Solving by Cramer’s rule-


x+y-z=5
2x+y+2z=5
3x+2y+4z=7

Q. Solving by Cramer’s rule-


x+y+2z=4
2x+5y-2z=3
x+7y-7z=5

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