ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURE ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERINGf
A Senior Project Submitted for the partial fulfillment of Bachler of
Science degree in Water Resources Engineeringg
Design of Drip Irrigation System in Adama science and Technology
university Gada Gate Area
JJJ
JUNE, 2024
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
 METHODOLOGY
 RESULT AND DISCUSSTION
 CONCULASION
 RECOMMENDATION
INTRODUCTION
Background:
• Agriculture globally heavily relies on water, with 70% of all water usage
dedicated to this sector. In countries like India and Africa, where agriculture is
predominant, 90% of water is used for irrigation.However, temporal and
spatial variations limit the availability of usable water supply (Megh, 2014).
• Irrigation, the controlled application of water to land, is crucial for crop
production, landscaping, and soil re-vegetation, especially in dry areas or
during low rainfall periods.
• Besides crop production, irrigation serves various purposes such as frost
protection and weed suppression.
• Modern irrigation development traces back to Ethiopia in the 1950s,
particularly in the Awash River valley, initially focusing on industrial and
horticultural crops (Awulachew et al., 2007).
Cont...

Statement of the Problem:

 Ethiopia, especially in regions like eastern lowland arid areas, faces water
scarcity due to erratic rainfall patterns and limited freshwater sources.
This scarcity severely impacts agricultural productivity, crucial for the country's
economy and food security.
 Adama, in particular, suffers from unreliable access to water, resulting in
decreased crop yields and food insecurity.
Addressing this issue requires the design and implementation of an efficient drip
irrigation system to sustainably and cost-effectively distribute water to crops.
Statement of Scope:
 Identify crop water requirements and relevant design parameters.
 Undertake preliminary designs based on identified parameters, including
system layout, conveyance specifications, and infield system.
Cont...

General Objective: Specific Objectives:

 Design a drip irrigation system for  Estimate crop water requirements
Mango, Banana, and Tomato for selected crops.
cultivation in ASTU.  Determine design parameters for
the drip irrigation system.
 Design the drip irrigation system.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Irrigation is the controlled application of water on or beneath the soil's surface.

• Various irrigation systems exist, adapted to specific conditions and
requirements.
Evapotranspiration Rate:
• Influencing Factors: Climatic elements and plant characteristics affect
evapotranspiration.
• Penman-Monteith Method: Comprehensive approach considering climatic
data for precise estimation (FAO, 1998a).
Crop Water Requirement Determination:
It is daily water use under near-optimal moisture conditions.
• Calculation: CROPWAT software aids in determining requirements based on
soil, climate, and crop parameters (FAO, 1998a).
Cont...
Effective Rainfall:
CROPWAT Software:  Rainfall directly available for plant
• Developed by FAO for water
use.
management decisions in  Calculation: USDA S.C Method
agriculture.
commonly used for estimation.
• Functionality: Calculates water
Methods of Irrigation:
requirements based on climatic and
 Surface Irrigation
soil factors, aiding in irrigation
scheduling.  Sprinkler Irrigation
Use of Crop Coefficient (Kc):  Localized Irrigation
 Coefficients reflecting crop water
needs under ideal conditions.
 its influence: Growth stages impact
the water requirements of crops.
Cont...

Surface Irrigation: Drip Irrigation System:

Application Low to high depending on Very high
Efficiency : layout
Topographical Level land Suited for all slope
Conditions:
Water losses: Evaporation, surface runoff Low evaporative losses
and seepage
Labour: Moderate to high Low since it only requires
seasonal maintenance
Cont...

Drip Irrigation System:

The design of a drip irrigation system plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient
and sustainable water usage in agriculture. (Deng, et al,2006).
 Addresses water scarcity in agriculture
 Factors to consider: crop type, soil characteristics, water availability, etc.
 Design and management considerations for efficiency and sustainability
Design Considerations:
 Soil implications for drip irrigation
 Understanding soil types
 Avoiding common sources of failure
 Specific design needs for each field
Components of drip
irrigation:
Design Components:
Source of water Head Unit:
Pipe Fittings Air Release Valves
Filters Flow Meters
Fertigation Unit
Distribution System:
Main Lines Sub-mains
Distribution Lines
Infield System
Valves: Flush Valves
Air Release Valves
End Plugs
Pressure Gauges
METHODOLOGY

Location:
 The proposed irrigation project
area. Adama forms a Special Zone
of Oromia and it is surrounded by
East Shewa Zone. It is located at
(8.55°N 39.28°E) at an elevationof
1622 meters, 99 km southeast.
specific project area(ASTU) 5
kilometers away from
the central part of Adama City.
 Net irrigable area- 8.2 ha.
 Plot size 115m×713m
 Soil type: sandy loam soil.
Cont...

Temperature: Types of Soil:

• The average annual temperature in The soil in Adama city is predominantly
Adama ranges from 15°C to 25°C, clayey and loamy, with some areas
with cooler temperatures during the having sandy soil as well. The soil is
rainy season (June to September) generally fertile and suitable for
and warmer temperatures during agriculture, with good water retention
the dry season (October to May). properties. type of soil in our project
Rainfall: area is sandy loam
• The city receives moderate rainfall,
with the wettest months being July
and August.
Cont...
Materials: Data:
 Some of the materials and tools  28-year Weather data
that were used during the design (Temperature, Precipitation,
includes; Google Earth for Sunshine hour, Humidity, and wind
preliminary estimation of aspects speed) was collected from the
such as lengths and identification of Adama weather station to estimate
a suitable area for intake, Cropwat the crop water requirement.
8.0 software, Arc GIS software,  The area and the slope of the
Surfer with Google Earth Explorer project area were measured using
and GPS Visualizer/Elevation. GPS and Surfer.
Cont...
Steps of Design Drip Irrigation
System: Design of drip irrigation also
 Estimation of water requirement icluding parameters:
 Emitter selection  Crop Water Requirement:
 Discharge through each lateral  Net depth of water application
 Size of laterals  Irrigation Interval
 Size of submains  Application rate
 Size of main line  Time of operation
 Draw layout for each crop
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The crops selected for the area are:

mango,banana and tomato.
Slope Of The Area:
slope of the area is 0.071 from
contour map that display on appendix
Reference crop evapotranspiration:
Adama Meteorological station has
been used since its close and is a
representative of the project area the
data that we used for software are
displayed on appendex and some
data are written in section 3 of
documents.
Cont...
Effective rainfall:
• Effective rainfall for the project has
been calculated for each month
using rainfall data from the Adama
meteorological station. The
effective rainfall amount has been
calculated using USDA S.C Method
.
Cont...
 Crop water requirement is water ETc=ETo*Kc
lost by crops through
evapotranspiration when local Kc for mango=(0.9,1.1,0.9)
conditions are taken into account. Kc for tomato=(0.5,1.1,1)
From Table 8 (Reference crop
evapotranspiration) and Kc value, Kc for banana=(0.6,1.15,0.8)
the CWR of mango, banana, and
tomato was found to be 3.2mm/day,
1.8mm/day, and 2.1mm/day
respectively.
Cont...

Net depth of water aplication: Application rate:

its calculated values for mango, This was found for mango, banana,
banana, and tomato are and tomato to be
12.29mm,6.14mm, and 4.09mm 0.13mm/hr,5.93mm/hr, and 27.7mm/hr
respectively. respectively.
Rooting depth considered for AR= where, S1=emmiter spacing
mango,banana and tomato are S2=lateral spacing and emitter
1829mm,914mm and 457mm discharge 4 l/hr was choosen.
respectively Irrigation Interval:
based on equation: its values found for mango, banana
dnet=FC-PW*AS*Zr*WA*MAD and tomato were 4.3days,3.8 days,
and 2.2days respectively.
(FC=16%,PW=8%,WA=30%
Irrigation interval =
MAD=0.2,AS=1.4)
Cont...
Number of emitters per lateral
Time of operation: =
The values were found to be 6300 length of lateral=115m
min,69min and 10min for spacing 10m*10 for mango
mango,banana and tomato spacing 1.5m*1.5 for banana
respectively. t= spacing 0.6m*0.6m for tomato
Number of laterals: Total number of emitter= 102463
total number of laterals=539 Assuming one emitter is used per
L=214m for mango plant then, number of plants= number
L=285m for tomato of emitters.
L=214 for banana
Cont...

Size of lateral: Size of Sub Main:

 Laterals come in the range of 12-32  The total length of the sub main
mm according to manufacturers pipeline is 713m. Select 30mm
standards. The total number of diameter of uPVC material that can
laterals based on each spacing was be transfer sufficeintly.
found to be 281 laterals and the Size of Main Line:
lateral length was found as 115  The total length of the main is
meters, and selected 16mm 115m. Its diameter based on
diameter was based on the head maximum flow of crops,the values
loss value. were found 10.56m3/hr and head
loss of 0.07m. Select 50mm
diameter of uPVC material that can
be transfer sufficiently.
Cont...

3D of our project 2D of our project

CONCLUSION

 Data from Adama station was utilized in estimating crop water requirements
(CWR) using CROPWAT. CROPWAT, relying on climatic data, stands out as
the preferred method for determining CWR. Outputs generated by
CROPWAT yielded daily values of 3.2mm/day, 1.8mm/day, and 2.1mm/day
for mangoes, bananas, and tomatoes, respectively. The tank's capacity
needed to accommodate 192m3/day, while the maximum flow rate
considered in designing the main pipe was 3.2m3/hr. For the drip system,
application rates were set at 0.13mm/hr, 5.93mm/hr, and 27.7mm/hr for
mangoes, bananas, and tomatoes, correspondingly, based on an emitter
discharge of 4l/hr and operation times of 6300min, 69min, and 10min for
mangoes, bananas, and tomatoes, respectively. The irrigation interval for the
system was determined to be 4.3days,3.8days and 2.2 days for mangoes,
bananas, and tomatoes, respectively.
RECOMMENDATION
 Accurate sizing of drip irrigation components (pipes, emitters, filters, pumps)
is crucial, considering water flow rate, pressure, and area.
 Careful consideration should be given to the placement of emitters to ensure
uniform water distribution across the entire irrigated area.
 Regular maintenance and monitoring of the drip irrigation system are
essential to detect and address any issues promptly.
 Providing training and education to system operators and maintenance
personnel is essential for the successful implementation and operation of the
drip irrigation system.
THANK YOU