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    OpAmp Appliction Circuits and Positive Feedback

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    Waqar Ali

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    OpAmp Appliction Circuits and Positive Feedback

    Uploaded by

    Waqar Ali
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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    0 views8 pages

    OpAmp Appliction Circuits and Positive Feedback

    Uploaded by

    Waqar Ali

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    OpAmp Application Circuits and

    Positive Feedback
    Muhammad Zaigham Abbas Shah
    The Instrumentation Amplifier
     Used to amplify very small voltages
    1

     A derivative of the
    difference amplifier
    3

    2
     In the difference
    amplifier, because of the (comparatively) small input
    impedance, it is not possible to use it for very small
    differential signals for e.g. outputs of Wheatstone bridges

     The input impedance can be increased by putting voltage


    followers at each input
     Opamp 3 is a differential amplifier with matched resistors
    R3
    and R4, the output of the  R 4differential
     amplifier is given by
    Vout    (Va  Vb )
     R3  ------------------------ 1

     Opamps 1 and 2 are two voltage followers


    Added to increase the input impedance

     Since the V- inputs do not draw any


    current, applying KVL in the branch from
    point A to point
    Va  IRB,
    2  we
    I (2 R1get
    )  IR 2 Vb
    or
    Va  Vb I 2( R1  R 2)
    Fig: a
    --------------- 2
     The current I can be found as,

    (Vin1  Vin 2)
    I ------------------------- 3
    2 R1

     Combining equations 1, 2 and 3, we get

     R4  R2 
    Vout    1   (Vin1  Vin 2)
     R 3  R1 

     Instrumentation amplifiers are also available as


    independent ICs often requiring only a single external
    resistor to set gain. This is done by setting, R3=R4 and
    a constant R2
    Reading: 711-712 Jaeger
    Comparator
     Used to perform comparison of two analog voltages

     Utilizes the very high open loop voltage


    gain of the opamp. Due to the high
    gain of the opamp, a slight
    difference between the input
    terminals results in the output
    saturating to either the positive
    supply(vcc) or the negative supply(vee)

     One of the inputs is given the input


    voltage and the other is given a
    reference voltage
    Op Amp Comparator -ve Vref.asc Op Amp Comparator +ve Vref.asc
    Where does the simple comparator fail?
     The problem with the simple analog comparator is that
    in a noisy environment, when the input signal crosses
    the threshold level, the output might have multiple
    transitions

    What to do?

     Use positive feedback to add ‘hysteresis’ i-e have


    multiple
    threshold values, a lower threshold and an upper
    threshold
    Schmitts Trigger/ Hysteresis Comparator
     Uses positive feedback to define two

    threshold values

     Introduces noise immunity to


    comparators

     When the input voltage comes to a


    value within the hysteresis window,
    the output maintains its previous state
    unless it goes below the lower
    threshold value(making them output go to the –ve
    supply rail) or goes above the upper threshold
    level(making the output go to the +ve supply rail)
     When the output is at ground(i-e the input voltage is greater
    than the reference voltage[Vref]) , Vref is given by the
    equation (assuming R3 is much greater than R2 [ a design
    requirement as R3 is for current control])
    R2
    Vref Vcc *
    R1  R 2

     If the output is at Vcc(i-e the input voltage is less than Vref),


    Vref is given by the equation
    R2 R1 || R 2 Hint: Use
    Vref Vcc *  Vout *
    R1  R 2 ( R1 || R 2)  R3 Superposition
    theorem to
    get this equation

     Thus, the additional voltage, increases Vref required to


    bring change thus ensuring that there are no transitions due
    to noise
    Reading: Application Note: Hysteresis in Comparators Schmitts Comparator.asc

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