ChE-201:Industrial Stoichiometry-II

Session 2022

Dr. Aysha Irshad

1
Course Details

Course Title Industrial Stoichiometry – II

Course Code ChE-201

Contact Hours 3
Credit Hours 3

Course Instructors Dr. Aysha Irshad

2
Course learning objectives

CLO Statement Cognitive Level Mapped PLO

CLO‑1: Perform material and energy balance calculations for

C‑3 PLO‑2
reacting and nonreacting systems

CLO‑2: Analyze a chemical process for simultaneous material and

C‑4 PLO‑2
energy balance calculations

3
Course outline
1. Steady state Material balance involving:
a. Recycle without chemical reaction
b. Recycle with chemical reaction
c. Bypass and purge streams

2. Energy balance calculations for reacting systems (enthalpy, reference state, heat
capacity estimation, heat of reaction, heat of formation, single and multi-phase
systems)
3. Combined Material and Energy balances on reacting and nonreacting systems
involving multiple units and reactions.

4
Recommended books
1. D. M. Himmelblau, and J. B. Riggs, Basic Principles and Calculations in
Chemical Engineering, 8th Ed., Pearson Education, Inc.: 2012

2. O. A. Hougen, and K. M. Watson, Chemical Process Principles — Part 1: Material

and Energy Balances, 7th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York: 1954

3. R. M. Felder, and R. W. Rousseau, “Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes,

3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York: 2004

4. G. V. Reklaitis, and D. R. Schneider, Introduction to Material and Energy

Balances, 1st Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York: 1983
5
Grading strategy
• Mid term: 30%

• Final term: 40%

• Sessional: 30%
Quiz: 15%
Complex Engineering Problem and assignments:15%

6
Course objectives
This course is intended:
To develop a student’s skills in problem solving.

To help a student in applying material balance for processes involving

chemical reactions and multiple units.

To help a student in applying energy balance for processes with and
without reaction.

To give a student a solid background in chemical processing

7
Stoichiometry
Stoichion => elements
metry => to measure

• Mathematical part of chemistry

• Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative relationships or ratios between

two or more substances undergoing a physical change or chemical change
(chemical reaction).

• Stoichiometry is based on the law of conservation of mass and energy.

8
Revision of some basic terms
• Dimensions are the general expression of a characteristic of
measurement such as length, time, mass, temperature, and so
on;
• Units are the means of explicitly expressing the dimensions,
such as feet or centimeters for length, or hours or seconds for
time.
• Fundamental (or basic) dimensions/units are those that can
be measured independently and are sufficient to describe most
physical quantities such as length, mass, time, and temperature
• Derived dimensions/units are those that can be developed in
terms of the fundamental dimensions/units.

9
Dimensions and units

10
11
General Material Balance Equation

 Note that the last two terms, which pertain to generation and
consumption of material, are generally included in material
balances only for chemical components when chemical reaction
occurs in the system 12
General Material Balance Equation

 In other words, the accumulation inside a system is equal to the

difference between what enters and what leaves the system

13
 General Material Balance Equation
 Figure shows a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional
vessel holding 1000 kg of H2O. Note that material neither enters
nor leaves the vessel; that is, no material crosses the system
boundary.
 Figure 3.1a represents a closed system. Changes can take place
inside the closed system, but no mass exchange occurs with the
surroundings.

14
 General Material Balance Equation
 Let us assume in an experiment that you add water to the tank
shown in Figure 3.1a at the rate of 100 kg/min and withdraw
water at the rate of 100 kg/min as indicated in Figure 3.1b.
Figure 3.1b is an example of an open system (also called a flow
system) because the material crosses the system boundary.
Apply Equation again to
Figure 3.1b. What is the
value of the accumulation?
In this case the
accumulation is zero
because the total inlet flow
is equal to the total outlet
flow.
15
General Material Balance Equation
 In the steady state system accumulation is zero

16
 General Material Balance Equation
 If you make a change in the process shown previously so that
the flow rate out of the system is instantaneously reduced to a
constant 90 kg/min from 100 kg/min?

17
Example
Suppose 3 kg/min of benzene and 1.0 kg/min of toluene are mixed. The process
flowchart might be drawn and labelled as follows

The following rules apply to the non reacting processes

1. The maximum number of independent equations that can be derived by
writing balances on a nonreacting system equals the number of chemical
species in the input and output streams.
2. Write the balances first that involve the fewest unknown variables.

18
Degree of freedom Analysis
 Degrees of freedom refer to the maximum number of logically independent values,
which may vary in a data sample.
 To perform the degree of freedom analysis experiments, draw and completely label a
flowchart, count the unknown variables on the chart, the count the independent equations
relating them, and subtract the independent equations from the unknown variables.
 Degree of Freedom = Ndf = (N unknowns – N Independent eqns)

 If Ndf = 0, then there are n independent equations and n unknowns, the problem in
principle can be solved.
 If Ndf > 0 , then there are more unknowns than the independent equations relating them
and at least ndf additional variable values must be specified before the remaining variable
values can be determined. ( Problem is underspecified)
 If Ndf < 0 , then there are more independent equations than the unknowns ( Problem is
overspecified)
19
Sources of equations
 Material balances
 Energy balances
 Process Specifications
 Physical Properties and Laws
 Physical Constrains
 Stoichiometric Relations

20
 Example
An aqueous solution of NaOH contains 20% NaOH by mass. It is desired to produce an
8.0% NaOH solution by diluting a stream of 20% solution with a stream of pure water.
Calculate the ratios (litres H2O/ kg feed solution) and (kg product solution /kg feed
solution)

1. Choose a basis of calculations

2. Draw and label the flow diagram
3. Express what the problem asks you to determine in
terms of the labelled variables on the flowchart
4. Count unknown variables and equations relating them

21
Example

22
Balance of Multiple Unit Processes

23
24
 Example
A distillation column separates 10,000 kg/hr of a mixture containing equal mass of benzene and
toluene. The product D recovered from the condenser at the top of the column contains 95% benzene,
and the bottom W from the column contains 96% toluene. The vapour V entering the condender from
the top of the column is 8000 kg/hr. A portion of the product from the condenser is returned to the
column as reflux R, and the rest is withdrawn as final product D. Assume V, R and D identical in
composition, since V is condensed completely. Find the ratio of amount refluxed R to the overhead
product D.

25
Chemical equation and Stoichiometry

• Stoichiometry provides a quantitative means of relating the

amount of products produced by chemical reaction to the
amount of reactants.

• Chemical equation provides two types of information:

Substances those are reacting and also those which are produced.
The coefficients of balanced equation represent moles of substances
that react or produced.

26
 Four steps to solve stoichiometric problems

1. Chemical reactions do not create, destroy or convert atoms.

Therefore, the number of atoms on both sides of a chemical
equation MUST be same. In other words, chemical equations must
be balanced.
C7H16 + O2 ====== CO2 + H2O
C7H16 + 11O2 ====== 7CO2 + 8H2O

• 1 mole of heptane will react with 11 moles of oxygen to give 7 moles of

carbon dioxide and 8 moles of water.
27
2. Use the proper degree of completion for the reaction. If you do
not know how much reaction has occurred, you have to assume
some amount, such as complete reaction.

3. Use molecular weights to convert mass to moles for the

reactants and products, and vice versa.

4. Use the coefficients in the chemical equation to obtain the

molar amounts of products produced and reactants consumed
by the reaction.

28
Limiting and Excess Reactant

• A limiting reactant is the reagent that is completely consumed during a

chemical reaction. Once this reagent is consumed the reaction stops. An
excess reagent is the reactant that is left over once the limiting reagent is
consumed.

• The limiting reactant is defined as the species in a chemical reaction that

theoretically would be the first to be completely consumed if the reaction
were to proceed to completion according to the chemical equation—even if
the reaction does not proceed to completion! All of the other reactants are
called excess reactants
29
Example (determination of limiting and
excess reactant)
A 2g sample of NH3 is mixed with 4g of O2.
a. Which one is limiting reactant?
b.How much water is produced in the reaction.
c. How much excess reactant remains after the reaction has stopped?
Find its % age excess as well.

NH3 + O2 NO + H2O

30
Example (determination of limiting and
excess reactant)
2 moles of Mg and 5 moles of O2 are placed in a reaction vessel. Mg is
ignited according to reaction
Mg+O2 MgO
• Identify the limiting reactant

31
Material Balance for combustion systems
• we consider combustion as a special topic involving material balances that include
chemical reactions. Combustion is in general the reaction of oxygen with materials
containing hydrogen, carbon, and sulfur, and the associated release of heat and the
generation of product gases such as H2O, CO2, CO, and SO2

• Most combustion processes use air as the source of oxygen. For our purposes you can
assume that air contains 79% N2 and 21%, neglecting the other components that
amount to a total of less than 1.0%, and that air has an average molecular weight of
29.
• Flue or stack gas: All of the gases resulting from a combustion process including the
water vapor, sometimes known as a wet basis.
• Orsat analysis, or dry basis: All of the gases resulting from a combustion process not
including the water vapor. 32
Material Balance for combustion systems

• Complete combustion: The complete reaction of the fuel producing CO2 and H2O.
• Partial combustion: The combustion of the fuel producing at least some CO from the
carbon source. Because CO itself can react with oxygen, the production of CO in a
combustion process does not produce as much energy as would be the case if only
CO2 were produced.
• Theoretical air (or theoretical oxygen): The amount of air (or oxygen) required to be
brought into the process for complete combustion. Sometimes this quantity is called
the required air (or oxygen).
• Excess air (or excess oxygen): Excess air (or oxygen) is the amount of air (or
oxygen) in excess of the theoretical air required for complete combustion.

33
Material Balance for combustion systems

34
Example
(material balance of a reacting system)

If 10 kg of C7H16 react completely with the stoichiometric quantity of O 2,

how much kg of CO2 will be found as products? On the basis of 10 kg.

C7H16 + 11O2 ====== 7CO2 + 8H2O

35
Example (material balance of a reacting system)

A limestone analyses (weight %): CaCO3 92.89%, MgCO3 5.41% and Inert
1.70%. By heating the limestone you recover oxides known as lime.
(a) How many pounds of calcium oxide can be made from 1 ton of this
limestone?
(b) How many pounds of CO2 can be recovered per pound of limestone?
(c) How many pounds of limestone are needed to make 1 ton of lime?
Mol. Wt.: CaCO3 (100.1) MgCO3 (84.32) CaO (56.08) MgO (40.32) CO2
(44.0)

36