Chapter - 7

Modern periodic Table

Asst. Teacher. Bhavana

Adekar
YEAR - 1869
RUSSIAN SCIENTIST
DIMITRI IVANOVITCH
MENDELEEV
 MODERN PERIODIC LAW:

The properties of the elements are a

Periodic function of their Atomic
Numbers.
i.e the number of protons(in the nucleus)
Or the number of extra nuclear electron
Present in the neutral atom.
MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
G Long form of periodic table
R
O
U
P PERIODS
S
 1
MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
1
1 Shortest Period
H (2) 2 8
2 1 1 1 1 1He
7
3 4
Short Periods (8)
5 6 3 7 4 8 5 9 6 10
Li Be B
C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 1 1 1 AlSi P S Cl Ar
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
19 030 131 2 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Long Period (18) Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 447 48
49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr 6
I Xe
55 56 57-71 72 73 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs Ba La-Lu 4
Longest Period At Rn
87 88 89-103 104 105 106 (32)
107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

Fr Ra Ac-Lr Incomplete Period

(30)

La Lanthanides Lu
(14)
Ac Actinides (14) Lr
 1
←s→ 1
1
H ← p 2
→ 8
2 1 1 1 1 1He
7
3 4 5 6 3 7 4 8 5 9 6 10
Li Be ← d →B C N O F Ne
11 12 (2,4) (2,6) 18 (2,8)

N
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 1 1 1 Si Ar

O
(2,8,1)(2,8,2) 0 1 2 Ge

N
Fe (2,8,14,2) As Kr

M
No. of e- in

-M
ET
the Last two shells are incomplete
Sb Te

ET
Last shell

A
:- 1 or 2

A
METALS

LS
Po At

LS
METALS No. of e in the -

except H Last shell :-3 to 8

← f →
La Last three shells are incomplete
Ac METALS
Normal elements Transition elementsInert elements
1 Inner transition elements
1
1
H 8
2 1 1 1 1 1He
7
3 4 5 6 3 7 4 8 5 9 6 10
Li Be C N O F Ne
11 12 (2,4) (2,6) 18 (2,8)

Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 1 1 1 Ar
(2,8,1)(2,8,2) 0 1 2
Fe (2,8,14,2)
Kr

La
Ac
 FOUR BLOCKS OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
s - block p - block d- f - block
block
Last two Last three
of electrons in the shells shells
ermost orbit : - 1 Or 2 3 to 8 incompletely
incompletely
filled filled

Group 3 At the bottom

osition :- Gr 1and 2 Gr 13 to 17 To 12 of Periodic
& zero group table

All Metals Metals, Non-

ncludes :- metals,
(Except Metals Metals
hydrogen) metalloids
& zero group
pes of Normal Normal Transition Inner
ements: - elements & Inert metals transition
elements metals
 *STUDY OF
PERIODS
zero/18
1
1 1H
He
2

(K (1) VARRIES (2)

) GRADUALLY
1 2 13 14 15 16 17

2 3 Li Be
4 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F Ne
10

(K,L) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6) (2,7) (2,8)

3 11Na Mg
12 13 Al 14 Si 15 P S
1 17 Cl 18 Ar
6
K,L,M) (2,8,1) (2,8,2) (2,8,3) (2,8,4) (2,8,5) (2,8,6) (2,8,7)(2,8,8)

Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0
 1
ATOMIC NUMBER zero
1
1
H
INCREASES 2 8
I 2 1 1 1 1 1He
3 4 5 6 3 7 4 8 5 9 6 107
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 1 1 1 AlSi P S Cl Ar
19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 030 131 2 32 33 34 35 36

K Ca Ge As Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 447 48
49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr 6
Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57-71 72 73 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs Ba La-Lu 4
Po At Rn
87 88 89-104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

Fr Ra Ac-Lr 10
3

La Lu
Ac Lr
STUDY OF
GROUPS
 ALKALI METALS

1
AtomicElectronic Molecular Reactivity
Group
Valency formula
IA No. configuration
C O
M l I
Lithium 3 L OLiCl Li2O N
(2,1)
(Li) iNa N C
Sodium 11 (2,8,1) O NaCl Na2O R
V E
(Na)
A KCl K2O A
Potassiu (2,8,8,1)
m
19 L S
(K) E E
Rubidium
37 N S
(Rb) T
Ceasium
55
(Cs)
Francium 87 2Na +2H2O 2NaOH + H2 +energy
(Fr)
 ALKALINE EARTH METALS
AtomicElectronic Molecular
Group
Valency formula

2
IIA No. configuration
C CO3 O
l
Beryllium 4 (2,2) D BeCl2 BeCO3 BeO
I
B
(Be) eM
V
12 (2,8,2) MgCl2 MgCO3 MgO
Magnesium g A
(Mg) L
Calcium (2,8,8,2) E CaCl2 CaCO3 CaO
20 N
(Ca)
T
Strontium
38
(Sr)
Barium
56
(Ba) CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Radium 88
(Ra)
 HALOGENS

1
AtomicElectronic MolecularReactivityPhysical
Group
configuration
Valency formula State
17 No.
Na H D
M
ONaF HF EGas
Fluorine 9 (2,7)
F C
(F) N
Cl R Gas
Chlorine 17 (2,8,7) ONaCl HCl
V E
(Cl) A
ANaBr HBr Liquid
Bromine S
35 L
(Br) E E
Iodine N SSolid
53
(I) T
Astatine Solid
85
(At)
 RARE GASES NOBLE GASES

0
Group Atomic Electronic Reactivity
configuration
Valency
18/zero No.
N
Helium
2 O
(He)
(2)
H
e
Z N
Ne
Neon 10 (2,8)
E R
(Ne) E
Argon
18
Ar
(2,8,8) R A
(Ar)
Krypton (2,8,18,8,8)
O C
T
36
(Kr) I
Xenon
54 V
(Xe) E
Radon
86
(Rn)
 Alkali metals Transition metals Inert gas
Alkaline earth metals Inner transition metals Halogens
1 zeor
Metalloids Non-metals 1
1
H 2 8
2 1 1 1 1 1 He
7
3 4 5 6 3 7 4 8 5 9 6 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 1 1 1 Al Si P S Cl Ar
19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 030 131 2 32 33 34 35 36

K Ca Ge As Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 447 48
49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr 6
Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57-71 72 73 7 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs Ba L
4
Po At Rn
87 88 104 a 105
89- 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

Fr Ra Ac10
3

La Lu
Ac Lr
 FOUR TYPES OF ELEMENTS
NORMAL TRANSITION INNER INERT
ELEMENTS ELEMENTS TRANSITION ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS
Egs F Li Na Fe Lanthanides He Ne
(2,7) (2,1)
(2,8,1) (2,8,14,2) (2) (2,8)
Actinides

I to 2 All ‘B’ group At the bottam

18th group
osition :-13 to 17 (Group-3 to gr-) Of periodic
Zero group
table

Block :- s & p d- block f- block p - block

block
 How to assign period, group and
block to an element in the modern
periodic table.
For s-block-:
1. Period-: The principal quantum number
of the valence shell.
2. Group-: The number of valence
electrons present in s-subshell.
3. Block-: The name of the subshell the
last electron enters.
Eg-: Na11 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Period- 3rd period
Group- 1st group
Block- s-block
For d-block-:
1. Period-: The principal quantum
number of the valence shell.
2. Group-: 2+ the number of valence
electrons present in d-subshell.
3. Block-: The name of the subshell
the last electron enters.
Eg-: V23 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
Period- 4th period
Group- (2 + 3) = 5th group
Block- d-block
For p-block-:
1. Period-: The principal quantum
number of the valence shell.
2. Group-: 2+ 10 + the number of
valence electrons present in p-
subshell.
3. Block-: The name of the subshell
the last electron enters.
Eg-: O8 = 1s2 2s2 2p4
Period- 2nd period
Group- (2 + 10 + 4) = 16th group
Block- p-block
 PERIODIC
PROPERTIES
AND ITS
TRENDS
 Atomic Radius

Definition– The distance

between the centre of the
nucleus and the outermost
electron of an atom is called
as atomic radius.
 Factors Affecting
Atomic Radius
1.Number of Shells—Atomic
radius is directly proportional to
the number of shells.
2. Nuclear Charge—Atomic
radius is inversely proportional
to the nuclear charge.
3.Screening Effect– Atomic
radius is directly proportional to
shielding effect.
 TREND OF ATOMIC
RADIUS
Along the periods--- Atomic Radius
decreases as we move from left to right
i.e along the periods.
Cause--. Nuclear charge increases but no
of shell remains constant .hence effective
nuclear charge increases,
Along the groups--- Atomic Radius
increases from top to bottom i,e down the
groups.
Cause--.No of shell increases down the
group and screening effect also
 IONIC RADIUS
Cations are always smaller than
the parent atom.
Because it contains less no.of
electrons than the parent atom
but the nuclear charge is the
same.
Hence Screening effect is less
and effective nuclear charge is
more within a cation which
reduces it’s size.
Anions are always larger than the
parent atom.
Because it has more no.of
electrons than the parent atom but
nuclear charge remains the same.
The additional electrons result in
interelectronic repulsion ana
effective nuclear charge decreases
increasing the ionic radius.
 IONIZATION
ENTHALPY
Definition– The energy required to
remove the outermost electron from
the isolated gaseous atom in it’s
ground state is called ionization
enthalpy.
X(g)  X+(g) + 1e- , ΔIEH
Ionization enthalpy is always
positive.
Second Ionization enthalpy is larger
than the first ionization enthalpy.
 Trend of Ionization
Along the periods–
Enthalpy
Ionization Enthalpy
increases as we move from left to right i.e
along the periods.
Because– Along the periods..
1.Atomic radius decreases.
2.Nuclear charge increases.
Down the groups– Ionization Enthalpy
decreases as we move from top to bottom
i,e down the groups.
Because– Down the groups…
1.Atomic radius increases.
2.Screening effect increases.
Abnormality in regular trend of IE

The ionization enthalpy of Be(Z=4) is

larger than that of B(Z=5).
Electronic configurations of..
Be = 1s2 2s2 and B = 1s2 2s2 2p1
Due to paired electrons in 2s orbital
Be acquires stability but B has only 1
unpaired electron in 2p orbital.
Hence less energy is required to
remove one electron from unpaired 2p
orbital than a paired 2s orbital.
 Abnormality in regular
.
trend of IE
 The ionization enthalpy of N(Z=7) is
larger than that of O(Z=8).
 Electronic configurations of..
 N = 1s2 2s2 2p3 and O = 1s2 2s2 2p4
 Due to half filled electrons in 2p orbital N
acquires extra stability but O can attain
extra stability by loosing one electron
from 2p orbital.
 Hence less energy is required to remove
one electron from the 2p orbital of O
than the stable 2p orbital of N.
 Electron gain
Enthalpy
Definition– The enthalpy change that
takes place when an electron is added
to an isolated gaseous atom in it’s
ground state is called as electron gain
enthalpy.
X(g) + 1e-  X -(g) ; ΔegH
Electron gain enthalpy may be
positive or negative depending upon
whether the process of adding
electron is endothermic or
 Trends of
electron gain enthalpy
Along the period– Electron gain
enthalpy becomes more
negative(increases) along the periods.
Because …
1.Atomic radius decreases .
2.Effective nuclear charge increases.
Down the groups– Electron gain enthalpy
becomes less negative (decreases) down
the groups. Because..
1.Atomic radius increases.
ABNORMALITY IN REGULAR TREND
OF (ΔEGH)
The electron gain enthalpy of Cl is
more than that of F .
This is due to smaller atomic size and
higher electron density in F than in Cl.
Hence adding an extra electron to
the 2p orbital of F leads to greater
repulsion than 3p orbital of Cl.
Hence electron is more easily added
to Cl having more negative electron
gain enthalpy than that of F atom.
 Electronegativity
and it’s trend
Definition– The ability of a covalently
bonded atom to pull the shared pair of
electrons towards itself is called
electronegativity. (EN)
Along the periods– EN increases along
the periods due to decrease in atomic radius
and increase in effective nuclear charge .
Down the groups– EN decreases down
the groups due to increase in atomic radius
and screening effect.
 Trends Of Periodic
Properties At a Glance
 Modern Periodic Table MCQs

1.In modern periodic table, the period number

indicates the :
a. atomic number c. principal quantum number
b. atomic mass d. azimuthal quantum number
2.The lanthanides are placed in the periodic table at
a. left hand side b. right hand side
c. middle d. bottom
3. If the valence shell electronic configuration is ns2
np5 , the element will belong to
a. alkali metals b. halogens
c. alkaline earth metals d. actinides
 Modern Periodic Table MCQs

4. In which group of elements of the modern periodic

table are halogen placed ?
a. 17 b. 6 c. 4 d. 2
5. Which of the atomic number represent the s-block
elements ?
a. 7, 15 b. 3, 12 c. 6, 14 d. 9, 17
6. Which of the following pairs is NOT isoelectronic ?
a. Na⊕ and Na b. Mg2⊕ and Ne
c. Al3⊕ and B3⊕ d. P3 and N3
7. Which of the following pair of elements has similar
properties ?
a. 13, 31 b. 11, 20 c. 12, 10 d. 21, 33 5
8. If the valence shell electronic configuration is
ns2 np6 , the element will belong to
a. alkali metals b. halogens
c. alkaline earth metals d. inert gas
9. The most electronegative halogen is-:
a. F b. Cl c. Br d. I
10. In the modern periodic table sixth period
contains _______ elements.
b. 2 b. 8 c. 18 d. 32
11. The correct order of electron gain enthalpy
among the halogens is-:
a. F > Cl > Br > I b. Cl > F > Br > I
c. Cl > Br > I > F d. Cl > Br > F > I
12. Which of the following is the largest in
size-:
a. Cl- b. S2- c. Na+ d. F-
13. In the modern periodic table the elements
are arranged in-:
a. increasing mass
b. increasing atomic number
c. increasing atomic volume
d. Alphabetically
14. The group to which Cr(24) belongs is-:
a. 3rd b. 4th c. 5th d. 6th
15. The period to which P (15) belongs is-:
a. 1st b. 2nd c. 3rd d. 4th
 Question Bank (2 marks)
1.Define atomic radius. Explain its trend along the period
and down the group.
2. Cations are always smaller than the parent atom.
Explain.
3.Anions are always larger than the parent atom. Explain.
4. Define ionization enthalpy. Explain its trend along the
period and down the group.
5. The ionization enthalpy value of Be(4) is larger than
B(5). Explain.
6. The ionization enthalpy value of N(7) is larger than O(6).
Explain.
7. Define electrongain enthalpy. Explain its trend along the
period and down the group.
8. The electron gain enthalpy of Cl(17) is more than that of
F(9). Explain.
9.Define electronegativity. Explain its trend along the
period and down the group.
10. Assign the period, group and block of Mg(12) , Si (16)
 Question Bank (2 marks)

11. For each of the following pairs, indicate which of

the two species is of large size :
a. Fe2+ or Fe3+
b. Mg2+ or Ca2+
12. Select the smaller ion form each of the following
pairs:
a. K+ , Li+
b. N3-, F-
13. Write the correct increasing order of ionic sizes
of the following isoelectronic species-:
a. Na+ , Mg+2, Al+3 and Si+4
b. O2-, F- , Na+ and Mg+2.
14. Which of the following species will have the
largest and the smallest size? Mg, Mg+2 , Fe and Fe+3.
15. Define -: a. Effective nuclear charge
b. Screening effect or Shielding effect.