Structure of C

Program, Character
Set, Tokens
 C Character set

Character set is a Letters  ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’,………..’z’ Or ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’,……….’Z’

set of valid
characters that a
language can
recognize.
Digits  0, 1, 2,……………………9
C character set
consists of letters,
digits, special Special characters  ;, ?, >, <, &,{, }, [, ]……
characters, white
spaces.
White spaces  New line (\n), Tab(\t), Vertical Tab(\
v) etc.

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 C Tokens
Tokens

A token is a group of Special

Keywords Identifiers Operators Strings Constants
characters that Symbols
logically belong
together. Break Variable + “hello” 123 ;
The programmer
writes a program by Int Constant * “123” 21.3 ?
using tokens.
C uses the following Function
float % “s” ‘A’ >
name
types of tokens.
Array
‘g’ &
name

“hello” {

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Simple C program
5
Hello world program
Structure of C program
#incude<stdio.h>

void main()
{
printf(“I love programming\n”); /*new line*/

printf(“You can learn it easily ”); /*add comment*/

printf(“easily\n”);
}

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Input: Scanf()
#incude<stdio.h>

Scanf() is used to obtain void main()

the value from the user {
int num;
It is included in stdio.h
printf(“Enter a number = ”);

scanf(“%d”, &num);
Eg: scanf(“%d”, &integer1);
printf(“The number is = %d”, num);
}

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Data Types and its Storage Requirements and
its Range
Format
Specifier

%c

%c

%d

%u
%h

%hu
%ld

%lu
%f

%lf

%Lf
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Character Meaning
Group

%c Read a single character

%d Read a decimal integer

%f Read a floating point number

%g Read a short int number

%h Read a short int number

C Program Essentials: Format Specifiers
Format specifier Description
%d or %i It is used to print the signed integer value where signed
integer means that the variable can hold both positive and
negative values.
%u It is used to print the unsigned integer value where the
unsigned integer means that the variable can hold only
positive value.
%o It is used to print the octal unsigned integer where octal
integer value always starts with a 0 value.
%x It is used to print the hexadecimal unsigned integer where
the hexadecimal integer value always starts with a 0x value.
In this, alphabetical characters are printed in small letters
such as a, b, c, etc.
%X It is used to print the hexadecimal unsigned integer, but %X
prints the alphabetical characters in uppercase such as A, B,
C, etc. 11
C Program Essentials: Format
Specifiers
Format specifier Description
%e or %E It is used for scientific notation. It is also known as Mantissa
or Exponent.
%g It is used to print the decimal floating-point values, and it
uses the fixed precision, i.e., the value after the decimal in
input would be exactly the same as the value in the output.

%p It is used to print the address in a hexadecimal form.

%c It is used to print the unsigned character.
%s It is used to print the strings.
%ld It is used to print the long-signed integer value.

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Output: Printf()

C provides the printf() to display the data on the monitor.

It is included in stdio.h

Examples are:
• Printf(“programming is an art”;
• Printf(“%d”, number);
• Printf(“%f%f”, p,q);

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 #include <stdio.h>
Adding two int main( void )
integers {
int sum; /* variable in which sum will be stored */
int integer1; /* first number to be input by user */
int integer2; /* second number to be input by user */
printf( "Enter first integer\n" );
scanf( "%d", &integer1 ); /* read an integer */
printf( "Enter second integer\n" );
scanf( "%d", &integer2 ); /* read an integer */
sum = integer1 + integer2; /* assign total to sum */
printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum ); /* print sum */
return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
} /* end function main */
Syntax and Logical errors

Syntax errors: violation of programming

language rules (grammar).
• Detected by the compiler
• Eg: printf (“hello world”) // semicolon missing

Logical errors: errors in meaning:

• Programs are syntactically correct but don’t produce the
expected output
• User observes output of running program

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C Compiler:
• For Window, you need to install MinGW for GCC or you can use Turbo C
compiler.
• The most frequently used and free available compiler is the GNU C/C++
compiler for Linux
• For MAC, the easiest way to obtain GCC is to download the Xcode
development environment from Apple's web site and follow the simple
installation instructions.
What to do when a C program produces different results in two different
compilers?  Your program must follow C standard i.e. ISO/IEC 9899:2011
(also known as C11)

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 Compilation Process
• The compilation is a process of converting the source code into
object code.
• The compilation process can be divided into four steps, i.e.,
Pre-processing, Compiling, Assembling, and Linking.
The extension of the object
file in DOS is '.obj,' and in
UNIX, the extension is 'o'.

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Thank You!!

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A program for Finding an Even and
Odd
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,x;
printf("Enter a number\n");
scanf("%d",&a);
x=a%2;
if(x==0)
printf("Number a=%d is even\n",a);
else
printf("Number a=%d is odd\n",a);
}
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Swap of Two Numbers, Using Two
Variables
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a=5, b=6;
printf("Swap of Numbers\n");
a=a+b; printf("a=%d\n",a);
b=a-b; printf("b=%d\n",b);
a=a-b; printf("a=%d\n",a);
///b=c;
printf("Final a=%d and b=%d",a,b);
} 20
 Interest Calculation Program
#include<stdio.h>
#define PERIOD 10
#define PRINCIPAL 5000.00
void main()
{
int year;
float amount, value, Inrate;
amount=PRINCIPAL;
inrate=0.11;
year=0;
while(year<=PERIOD)
{
printf("year=%2d and amount=%8.2f\n",year, amount);
value=amount=amount+inrate*amount;
year=year+1;
amount=value;
}
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}
Subroutine Call Program
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a, b, c;
a=5; b=6;
c=mul(a,b);
printf("multplcaton of a=%d and b=%d is = %d",a,b,c);
}
int mul(int x,int y)
{
int p;
{
p=x*y;
return p;
}
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}
Compilation Process
Example

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