Internet and Web

UNIT 4

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 Objectives and expectations

▪ The objectives of this class on the internet and www are

mainly:
▪ introduce the learners to internet, web, web based resources and how to
make a quality search online.
▪ Expose how the www, and internet work and their importance.
▪ How to find information online and how to evaluate search results?
▪ How to make a search strategy?
▪ How to find information online?
▪ Explore communicating and collaborating online.
▪ Explain the various digital tools/ resources for collaboration available at
your university
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 ▪ Refers to global computer network
providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting
of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.
▪ The popular term for the Internet is the
Internet “information highway”.
▪ Rather than moving through
geographical space, it moves your ideas
and information through cyberspace –
the space of electronic movement of
ideas and information.
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 The uses of the Internet

▪ Send e-mail messages.

▪ Send (upload) or receive (down load) files between
computers.
▪ Participate in discussion groups, such as mailing lists
and newsgroups.
▪ Surfing the web.
▪ The use spans across domains : education, agriculture,
etc.
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 ▪ The Web (World Wide Web) refers to
information organized into Web pages
containing text and graphic images.
▪ It contains hypertext links, or highlighted
keywords and images that lead to
related information.
What is Web? ▪ A collection of linked Web pages that
has a common theme or focus is called a
Web site.
▪ The main page that all of the pages on a
particular Web site are organized around
and link back to is called the site’s home
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page.
 How to access the Internet?

 Many institutions have direct access to the Internet using special

high-speed communication lines and equipment. Employees can
access it through the organization’s local area networks (LAN) or
through their own personal computers.
 Another way to access the Internet is through Internet Service
Provider (ISP).

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 How to access the Internet?

▪ To access the Internet, an existing network need to pay a small

registration fee and agree to certain standards based on the
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
reference model.
▪ Each organization pays for its own networks and its own
telephone bills, but those costs usually exist independent of the
internet.
▪ The regional Internet companies route and forward all traffic, and
the cost is still only that of a local telephone call.

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 ▪A commercial organization with
permanent connection to the Internet
that sells temporary connections to
Internet Service
Provider (ISP) subscribers.
▪ Examples:
▪ Telecom companies and many others.
• MTN, Airtel, etc.

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 How to access the web?

▪ Once you have your Internet connection, then you need special
software called a browser to access the Web.
▪ Web browsers are used to connect you to remote computers,
open and transfer files, display text and images.
▪ Web browsers are specialized programs.
▪ Examples of Web browser: Netscape Navigator (Navigator) and
Internet Explorer.

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 ▪ Web is a collection of files that reside on
computers, called Web servers, that are
located all over the world and are connected to
Client/Server each other through the Internet.
Structure of the ▪ When you use your Internet connection to
Web become part of the Web, your computer
becomes a Web client in a worldwide
client/server network.
▪ A Web browser is the software that you run on
your computer to make it work as a web client.

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 Structure of a client-server model
▪ The client-server model, or client-
server architecture, is a distributed
application framework dividing tasks
between servers and clients, which
either reside in the same system or
communicate through a computer
network or the Internet.
▪ The client relies on sending a request
to another program in order to access a
service made available by a server.
▪ The server runs one or more programs
that share resources with and distribute
work among clients.
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 ▪ A single server hosting all the required data in a
single place facilitates easy protection of data
and management of user authorization and
Benefits of authentication.
Client-Server ▪ Resources such as network segments, servers,
Computing and computers can be added to a client-server
network without any significant interruptions.
▪ Data can be accessed efficiently without
requiring clients and the server to be in close
proximity.

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 ▪ All nodes in the client-server system are
independent, requesting data only from
Benefits of the server, which facilitates easy
Client-Server
Computing upgrades, replacements, and relocation
of the nodes.
▪ Data that is transferred through client-
server protocols are platform-agnostic.

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 Addresses on the Web: IP Addressing

▪ Each computer on the internet does have a unique identification

number, called an IP (Internet Protocol) address.
▪ The IP addressing system in use on the Internet is in two
different formats. IPv4 & IP v6.
▪ With IPv4, each part of the address is a number ranging from 0
to 255, and each part is separated from the previous part by
period,
▪ For example, 106.29.242.17
▪ While the IPv6, is in hexadecimal format, a much richer format,
allowing for much bigger address space.
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 Domain Name Addressing

▪ Most web browsers do not use the IP address to locate Web

sites and individual pages.
▪ They use domain name addressing.
▪ A domain name is a unique name associated with a specific IP
address by a program that runs on an Internet host computer.
▪ This program, which coordinates the IP addresses and domain
names for all computers attached to it, is called DNS (Domain
Name System ) software.
▪ The host computer that runs this software is called a domain
name server.

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 Domain Name Addressing

▪ Domain names can include any number of parts separated by

periods, however most domain names currently in use have only
three or four parts.
▪ Domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow
from top to bottom if you read the name from the right to the left.
▪ For example, the domain name kab.ac.ug is the computer
connected to the Internet at the Kabale University, which is an
academic institution located in Uganda.
▪ No other computer on the Internet has the same domain name.

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 Uniform Resource Locators
 The IP address and the domain name
each identify a particular computer on  What transfer protocol to use for
the Internet. transporting the file
 However, they do not indicate where a  The domain name of the computer
Web page’s HTML document resides on which the file resides
on that computer.  The pathname of the folder or
 To identify a Web pages exact location, directory on the computer on
Web browsers rely on Uniform which the file resides
Resource Locator (URL).  The name of the file
 URL is a four-part addressing scheme
that tells the Web browser:

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 Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators
HTTP

▪ The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the

protocol pathname
computers use to move files from one computer to

http://www.kab.ac.ug/index.htm another on the Internet.

▪ The most common transfer protocol used on the

Domain name filename
Internet is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

▪ Two other protocols that you can use on the Internet

are the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the Telnet
http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Protocol

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 WEB BROWSERS

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 WEB BROUSERS

 A web browser acts as an interface between the user and Web server

 Software application that resides on a computer and is used to locate and

display web pages.
 Web users access information from web servers, through a client program
called browser.
 A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and
traversing information resources on the WWW

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 WEB BROUSERS

 All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same
time, either in different browser windows or different tabs of the same window.
 A refresh and stop button for refreshing and stopping the loading of current documents.

 Home button that gets your home page

 Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from “popping
up” without the user’s consent

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 HISTORY OF WEB BROUSERS

 The history of web browsers dates back into the late 1980s, when a variety of
technology laid the foundation for the first web browser, WWW, by Tim Berners-
Lee in 1991.
 Microsoft responded with its browser internet Explorer in 1995 initiating the
Industry’s first browser war.
 Opera first appeared in 1996, although it had only 2% browser usage share as of
April 2010, it has a substantial share of the fast-growing mobile phone web
browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones.
 In 1998, Netscape launched Mozilla

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 MORE EXAMPLES OF WEB BROUSERS

▪ Opera by Opera Software company

▪ Safari by Apple
▪ Google chrome by Google
▪ Mozilla Firefox by Mozilla corporation

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 ▪ Search engines are programs that allow
users to search and retrieve information
from the vast amount of content available
SEARCH on the internet.
TOOLS/SEARCH
ENGINES ▪ They use algorithms to index and rank web
pages based on relevance to a user’s query,
providing a list of results for users to
explore. Popular search engines include
Google, Bing, and Yahoo.

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 How to find information on the Web using search
tools?
▪ A number of search tools have been developed and available
to you on certain Web sites that provide search services to
help you find information.
▪ Examples:
 Yahoo  www.yahoo.com
 Excite  www.excite.com
 Lycos  www.lycos.com
 AltaVista  www/alta-vista.com
 MSN WebSearch  www.search.msn.com
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 Research-quality - Web Searching

 Search Google effectively and precisely

 Know when to use other search engines
and web directories
 Evaluate what you find on the web

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 POSITIVE IMPACTS OF THE INTERNET

• It provides effective communication using emailing and

instant messaging services to any part of the world.
• It improves business interactions and transactions, saving on
vital time.
• Banking and shopping online have made life less complicated.
• You can access the latest news from any part of the world
without depending on the TV or newspaper.
• Education has received a huge boost as uncountable books
and journals are available online from libraries across the
world. This has made research easier. Students can now opt
for online courses using the internet.
• Application for jobs has also become easier as most vacancies
are advertised online with online applications becoming the
norm.
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• Professionals can now exchange information and materials
 NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF THE INTERNET

• Addiction to social networks can disrupt an

individual’s life, both personally and professionally.
• Some miscreants use the internet to hack into
people’s accounts for spurious activities including
stealing data or banking information.
• Yet others have been known to misuse the internet
for spreading hate and terrorism, two dangerously
catastrophic scenarios.
• Others include:
• cyberbullying, internet pornography, electronic gambling,
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cyber suicide, social isolation and racism on the web, virus,
wastage of time.
 Thank you

END

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