Factors Affecting Solubility 2

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
SOLUBILITY
Solubility - the amount of solute that will dissolve

in a given amount of solvent
Nature of the Solute and
Solvent
■ The solubility of solutes in solvents is based on the principle “like
dissolves like”, which pertains to the similarity in the polarity of
substances.
 Ex. Alcohol and water
 hexane and carbon tetrachloride

Temperature
Solubility increases with temperature for most solids dissolved in

liquid water. This is because higher temperatures increase the
vibration or kinetic energy of the solute molecules.
■ For example: a greater amount of sugar will dissolve in warm

water than in cold water.
■ For all gases, solubility decreases as the temperature of the
solution rises.
Pressure - only affects the solubility of gases.
As pressure increases, the solubility of gases increases and a decrease in pressure decreases solubility.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF
SOLUTION
- Colligative properties are the physical changes that result
from adding solute to a solvent
- Changes in colligative properties depend only on the number
of solute particles present, not on the identity of the solute
particles.
Colligative Properties are:
- Vapor Pressure Lowering

- Freezing Point Depression
- Boiling Point Elevation
- Osmotic Pressure
Vapor Pressure Lowering
■The vapor pressure of a solution with a
nonvolatile solute is always lower than that of
the pure solvent.
■The relationship between the vapor pressure of

the solution and the vapor pressure of the
solvent depends on the concentration of the
solute in the solution.
Vapor Pressure Lowering
- the pressure exerted by the vapor particles on the liquid at
equilibrium is known as the vapor pressure of the liquid.
Therefore, the vapor pressure of a solution is
lower than that of the pure solvent.
Francois-Marie Raoult
- a French chemist and physicist who studied on vapor pressure. He

developed Raoult’s Law.
Rauolt’s Law – states that the vapor pressure of a solution , PA, is

equal to the mole fraction of the solvent, XA, times the vapor
pressure of the pure solvent, PAº
P A = X AP Aº
Example:
The vapor pressure of H2O at 28 ◦C is 28.3 mmHg. Find the vapor pressure
of a solution containing 100 g of sugar, C 12H22O11, in 500 g of H2O at 28 ◦C.
Solution:
1.) Solve for the no. of moles of sugar and water. The molar mass of sugar is
342 g/mol and that the water is 18 g/mol.
nC12H22O12 = 100g C12H22O12 x = 0.29 mol
nH2O = 500g H2O x = 27.78 mol
2.) Solve for the mole fraction of sugar and water.
nC12H22O12 = XB = = = = 0.01
nH2O = XA = = = = 0.99
3.) Solve for the vapor pressure of the solution
using Raoult’s law:
Psol’n = XAPAº = Xsolvent Pºsolvent

= (0.99)(28.3 mmHg)
= 28.02 mmHg
Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing
Point Depression
Nonvolatile solute-solvent interactions also cause

solutions to have higher boiling points and lower
freezing points than the pure solvent.
Boiling Point Elevation
The change in boiling point is proportional to the molality of
the solution:
∆Tb = iKbm
Kb - is the molal boiling point elevation constant, a property of

the solvent and
m - is the molal concentration of the solution.
∆Tb – boiling point elevation (tsolution – tpure solvent)

i – van’t Hoff factor
Freezing Point Depression
The change in freezing point can be found similarly:
∆Tf = iKfm
Kf - is the molal freezing point depression, constant of

the solvent.
∆Tf – refers to the freezing point lowering
m - molality of the solution
i – van’t Hoff factor (the number of particles formed when a solute
formula unit dissolves.)
Boiling Point Elevation Constants (Kb) and Freezing Point
Depression Constants (Kf) for Some Solvents
Solvent Boiling Kb Freezing Kf

point (ºC point (ºC) (ºC kg/mol
(ºC) kg/mol or (ºC/m)
or
(ºC/m)
Water (H2O) 100.00 0.52 0 1.86
Carbon tetrachloride 76.5 5.03 - 22.99 30.0

(CCl4)
Chloroform (CHCl3) 61.2 3.63 - 63.5 4.70
Benzene (C6H6) 80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12
Carbon disulfide (CS2) 46.2 2.34 - 111.5 3.83
Diethyl ether (C4H10O) 34.5 2.02 - 116.2 1.79

Example:
A solution is prepared by dissolving 2.40 g of biphenyl, C12H10
(molar mass = 154 g/mol), in 75.0 g benzene, C6H6. Find the (a)
boiling point and (b) freezing point of the solution:
Given: bp (boiling pt) C6H6 = 80.1 ºC fp (freezing pt) C6H6 =

5.5 ºC
Kb = 2.53 ºC/m Kf = 5.12
ºC/m
A. Boiling point of solution:
STEP 1. Calculate the molality of the solution.

Convert:
2.40g C12H10 x = 0.0156 mol
75g C6H6 x = 0.075 kg
m= = = 0.208 m
STEP 2: Calculate the boiling point elevation.
∆Tb =iKbm
= (1)(2.53 ºC/m) (0.208 m)
= 0.526 ºC
STEP 3: Calculate the boiling point of the solution.
bpsol’n = bpsolvent + ∆Tb

= 80.1 ºC + 0.526 ºC
= 80.6 ºC
B. Freezing Point of solution:
STEP 1. Use the value of m from (a) for Step 2.
STEP 2. Calculate the freezing point depression.
∆Tf = iKfm = (1)(5.12 ºC/m) (0.208 m) = 1.06 ºC
STEP 3. Calculate the freezing point of the solution.
Fpsol’n = fpsolvent - ∆Tf

= 5.5 ºC – 1.06 ºC
= 4.44 ºC
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Osmosis – is a process through which a solvent flows through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a
more concentrated one.
Osmotic pressure – is the amount of pressure required to stop the

osmosis
OSMOSIS CONCENTRATION
• Hypotonic: the solute concentration is lower outside
of the cell than that inside the cell.
• Hypo means “less than” or “below”
• A hypotonic solution will cause the cell to take in
water, and swell
• Isotonic: the water outside of the cell has an EQUAL
amount of salt as the water INSIDE of the cell.
• Iso means “equal”
• Will cause NO CHANGE in cell size
• Hypertonic: the solute concentration is higher outside
than that inside the cell.
• Hyper = “more” ore “above”
• This will cause it to shrivel, and shrink
• Ex. Pouring salt on a slug will cause it to shrink
= İMRT
where:
İ – Van’t Hoff factor
M – molarity
R – gas constant (0.0821 )
T – temperature (Kelvin)
Calculate osmotic pressure for 0.10 M Na3PO4 aqueous
solution at 20ºC.
Given: Required: 𝝅 = ?
M = 0.10 M
T = 20ºC + 273.15 = 293.15K
R = 0.0821
Solution:
𝝅= İMRT
= (4)(0.10 )(0.0821 )(293.15K)
𝝅 = 9.6 atm

Factors Affecting Solubility 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Factors Affecting Solubility 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Factors Affecting Solubility 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

Solubility - the amount of solute that will dissolve

 hexane and carbon tetrachloride

Solubility increases with temperature for most solids dissolved in

■ For example: a greater amount of sugar will dissolve in warm

Colligative Properties are:

- Vapor Pressure Lowering

■The relationship between the vapor pressure of

- a French chemist and physicist who studied on vapor pressure. He

Rauolt’s Law – states that the vapor pressure of a solution , PA, is

nC12H22O12 = 100g C12H22O12 x = 0.29 mol

nH2O = 500g H2O x = 27.78 mol

2.) Solve for the mole fraction of sugar and water.

Psol’n = XAPAº = Xsolvent Pºsolvent

Nonvolatile solute-solvent interactions also cause

Kb - is the molal boiling point elevation constant, a property of

∆Tb – boiling point elevation (tsolution – tpure solvent)

Kf - is the molal freezing point depression, constant of

Solvent Boiling Kb Freezing Kf

Carbon tetrachloride 76.5 5.03 - 22.99 30.0

Benzene (C6H6) 80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12

Carbon disulfide (CS2) 46.2 2.34 - 111.5 3.83

Diethyl ether (C4H10O) 34.5 2.02 - 116.2 1.79

Given: bp (boiling pt) C6H6 = 80.1 ºC fp (freezing pt) C6H6 =

STEP 1. Calculate the molality of the solution.

75g C6H6 x = 0.075 kg

STEP 3: Calculate the boiling point of the solution.

bpsol’n = bpsolvent + ∆Tb

B. Freezing Point of solution:

STEP 1. Use the value of m from (a) for Step 2.

STEP 2. Calculate the freezing point depression.

∆Tf = iKfm = (1)(5.12 ºC/m) (0.208 m) = 1.06 ºC

STEP 3. Calculate the freezing point of the solution.

Fpsol’n = fpsolvent - ∆Tf

Osmotic pressure – is the amount of pressure required to stop the

You might also like