Chapter 5

Lab Physics

Work and Energy

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 Section 1 Work

Chapter 5

Definition of Work
• Work is done on an object when a force causes a
displacement of the object.

• Work is done only when components of a force are

parallel to a displacement.

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 Section 1 Work

Chapter 5

Definition of Work

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 Section 2 Energy

Chapter 5

Kinetic Energy
• Kinetic Energy
The energy of an object that is due to the object’s
motion is called kinetic energy.

• Kinetic energy depends on speed and mass.

1
KE  mv 2
2
1
kinetic energy = mass speed 
2

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 Section 2 Energy

Chapter 5

Kinetic Energy, continued

• Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
– The net work done by all the forces acting on an
object is equal to the change in the object’s kinetic
energy.

• The net work done on a body equals its change in

kinetic energy.
Wnet = ∆KE
net work = change in kinetic energy

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 Section 2 Energy

Chapter 5

Potential Energy
• Potential Energy is the energy associated with an
object because of the position, shape, or condition of
the object.
• Gravitational potential energy is the potential
energy stored in the gravitational fields of interacting
bodies.
• Gravitational potential energy depends on height
from a zero level.
PEg = mgh
gravitational PE = mass  free-fall acceleration  height

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 Section 2 Energy

Chapter 5

Potential Energy, continued

• Elastic potential energy is the energy available for
use when a deformed elastic object returns to its
original configuration.
1 2
PEelastic  kx
2
1 2
elastic PE =  spring constant  (distance compressed or stretched)
2

• The symbol k is called the spring constant, a parameter that measures the spring’s

resistance to being compressed or stretched.

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 Section 2 Energy

Chapter 5

Elastic Potential Energy

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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Conserved Quantities
• When we say that something is conserved, we mean
that it remains constant.

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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Mechanical Energy
• Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and
all forms of potential energy associated with an object
or group of objects.
ME = KE + ∑PE

• Mechanical energy is often conserved.

MEi = MEf
initial mechanical energy = final mechanical energy
(in the absence of friction)

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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Sample Problem
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Starting from rest, a child zooms down a frictionless
slide from an initial height of 3.00 m. What is her
speed at the bottom of the slide? Assume she has a
mass of 25.0 kg.

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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
1. Define
Given:
h = hi = 3.00 m
m = 25.0 kg
vi = 0.0 m/s
hf = 0 m
Unknown:
vf = ?

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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation: The slide is
frictionless, so mechanical energy is conserved.
Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy are
the only forms of energy present.
1
KE  mv 2
2
PE  mgh

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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
2. Plan, continued
The zero level chosen for gravitational potential
energy is the bottom of the slide. Because the child
ends at the zero level, the final gravitational potential
energy is zero.
PEg,f = 0

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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
2. Plan, continued
The initial gravitational potential energy at the top of
the slide is
PEg,i = mghi = mgh
Because the child starts at rest, the initial kinetic
energy at the top is zero.
KEi = 0
Therefore, the final kinetic energy is as follows:
1
KEf  mv f2
2
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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
3. Calculate
Substitute values into the equations:
PEg,i = (25.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(3.00 m) = 736 J
KEf = (1/2)(25.0 kg)vf2
Now use the calculated quantities to evaluate the
final velocity.
MEi = MEf
PEi + KEi = PEf + KEf
736 J + 0 J = 0 J + (0.500)(25.0 kg)vf2
vf = 7.67 m/s
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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
4. Evaluate
The expression for the square of the final speed can
be written as follows:
2 2mgh
vf   2gh
m
Notice that the masses cancel, so the final speed does not depend on the mass of the

child. This result makes sense because the acceleration of an object due to gravity

does not depend on the mass of the object.

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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Mechanical Energy, continued

• Mechanical Energy is
not conserved in the
presence of friction.

• As a sanding block
slides on a piece of
wood, energy (in the
form of heat) is
dissipated into the
block and surface.

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 Section 4 Power

Chapter 5

Rate of Energy Transfer

• Power is a quantity that measures the rate at which
work is done or energy is transformed.
P = W/∆t
power = work ÷ time interval

• An alternate equation for power in terms of force and

speed is
P = Fv
power = force  speed

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice
1. In which of the following situations is work not being
done?
A. A chair is lifted vertically with respect to the floor.
B. A bookcase is slid across carpeting.
C. A table is dropped onto the ground.
D. A stack of books is carried at waist level across a
room.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

1. In which of the following situations is work not being
done?
A. A chair is lifted vertically with respect to the floor.
B. A bookcase is slid across carpeting.
C. A table is dropped onto the ground.
D. A stack of books is carried at waist level across a
room.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

2. Which of the following equations correctly describes
the relation between power,work, and time?
P
F. W 
t
t
G. W 
P
W
H. P 
t
t
J. P 
W

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

2. Which of the following equations correctly describes
the relation between power,work, and time?
P
F. W 
t
t
G. W 
P
W
H. P 
t
t
J. P 
W

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the graph below to answer questions 3–5. The
graph shows the energy of a 75 g yo-yo at different
times as the yo-yo moves up and down on its string.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

3. By what amount does the mechanical energy of the
yo-yo change after 6.0 s?
A. 500 mJ
B. 0 mJ
C. –100 mJ
D. –600 mJ

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

3. By what amount does the mechanical energy of the
yo-yo change after 6.0 s?
A. 500 mJ
B. 0 mJ
C. –100 mJ
D. –600 mJ

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

4. What is the speed of the yo-yo after 4.5 s?
F. 3.1 m/s
G. 2.3 m/s
H. 3.6 m/s
J. 1.6 m/s

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

4. What is the speed of the yo-yo after 4.5 s?
F. 3.1 m/s
G. 2.3 m/s
H. 3.6 m/s
J. 1.6 m/s

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

5. What is the maximum height of the yo-yo?
A. 0.27 m
B. 0.54 m
C. 0.75 m
D. 0.82 m

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

5. What is the maximum height of the yo-yo?
A. 0.27 m
B. 0.54 m
C. 0.75 m
D. 0.82 m

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

6. A car with mass m requires 5.0 kJ of work to move
from rest to a final speed v. If this same amount of
work is performed during the same amount of time
on a car with a mass of 2m, what is the final speed
of the second car?
F. 2v
G. 2v
v
H.
2
v
J.
2
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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

6. A car with mass m requires 5.0 kJ of work to move
from rest to a final speed v. If this same amount of
work is performed during the same amount of time
on a car with a mass of 2m, what is the final speed
of the second car?
F. 2v
G. 2v
v
H.
2
v
J.
2
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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the passage below to answer questions 7–8.
A 70.0 kg base runner moving at a speed of 4.0 m/s
begins his slide into second base. The coefficient of
friction between his clothes and Earth is 0.70. His
slide lowers his speed to zero just as he reaches the
base.
7. How much mechanical energy is lost because of
friction acting on the runner?
A. 1100 J
B. 560 J
C. 140 J
D. 0 J
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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the passage below to answer questions 7–8.
A 70.0 kg base runner moving at a speed of 4.0 m/s
begins his slide into second base. The coefficient of
friction between his clothes and Earth is 0.70. His
slide lowers his speed to zero just as he reaches the
base.
7. How much mechanical energy is lost because of
friction acting on the runner?
A. 1100 J
B. 560 J
C. 140 J
D. 0 J
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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the passage below to answer questions 7–8.
A 70.0 kg base runner moving at a speed of 4.0 m/s
begins his slide into second base. The coefficient of
friction between his clothes and Earth is 0.70. His
slide lowers his speed to zero just as he reaches the
base.
8. How far does the runner slide?
F. 0.29 m
G. 0.57 m
H. 0.86 m
J. 1.2 m

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the passage below to answer questions 7–8.
A 70.0 kg base runner moving at a speed of 4.0 m/s
begins his slide into second base. The coefficient of
friction between his clothes and Earth is 0.70. His
slide lowers his speed to zero just as he reaches the
base.
8. How far does the runner slide?
F. 0.29 m
G. 0.57 m
H. 0.86 m
J. 1.2 m

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the passage below to answer questions 9–10.
A spring scale has a spring with a force constant of
250 N/m and a weighing pan with a mass of 0.075
kg. During one weighing, the spring is stretched a
distance of 12 cm from equilibrium. During a second
weighing, the spring is stretched a distance of 18 cm.
How far does the runner slide?

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

9. How much greater is the elastic potential energy of
the stretched spring during the second weighing than
during the first weighing?
9
A.
4
3
B.
2
2
C.
3
4
D.
9

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

9. How much greater is the elastic potential energy of
the stretched spring during the second weighing than
during the first weighing?
9
A.
4
3
B.
2
2
C.
3
4
D.
9

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

10. If the spring is suddenly released after each
weighing, the weighing pan moves back and forth
through the equilibrium position. What is the ratio of
the pan’s maximum speed after the second weighing
to the pan’s maximum speed after the first weighing?
Consider the force of gravity on the pan to be
negligible.
9 2
F. H.
4 3
3 4
G. J.
2 9

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Multiple Choice, continued

10. If the spring is suddenly released after each
weighing, the weighing pan moves back and forth
through the equilibrium position. What is the ratio of
the pan’s maximum speed after the second weighing
to the pan’s maximum speed after the first weighing?
Consider the force of gravity on the pan to be
negligible.
9 2
F. H.
4 3
3 4
G. J.
2 9

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Short Response
11. A student with a mass of 66.0 kg climbs a staircase
in 44.0 s. If the distance between the base and the
top of the staircase is 14.0 m, how much power will
the student deliver by climbing the stairs?

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Short Response, continued

11. A student with a mass of 66.0 kg climbs a staircase
in 44.0 s. If the distance between the base and the
top of the staircase is 14.0 m, how much power will
the student deliver by climbing the stairs?

Answer: 206 W

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Short Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 12–13 on the
information below.
A 75.0 kg man jumps from a window that is 1.00 m
above a sidewalk.

12. Write the equation for the man’s speed when he

strikes the ground.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Short Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 12–13 on the
information below.
A 75.0 kg man jumps from a window that is 1.00 m
above a sidewalk.

12. Write the equation for the man’s speed when he

strikes the ground.

Answer: v  2gh

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Short Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 12–13 on the
information below.
A 75.0 kg man jumps from a window that is 1.00 m
above a sidewalk.

13. Calculate the man’s speed when he strikes the

ground.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Short Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 12–13 on the
information below.
A 75.0 kg man jumps from a window that is 1.00 m
above a sidewalk.

13. Calculate the man’s speed when he strikes the

ground.

Answer: 4.4 m/s

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Extended Response
Base your answers to questions 14–16 on the
information below.
A projectile with a mass of 5.0 kg is shot horizontally
from a height of 25.0 m above a flat desert surface.
The projectile’s initial speed is 17 m/s. Calculate the
following for the instant before the projectile hits the
surface:

14. The work done on the projectile by gravity.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 14–16 on the
information below.
A projectile with a mass of 5.0 kg is shot horizontally
from a height of 25.0 m above a flat desert surface.
The projectile’s initial speed is 17 m/s. Calculate the
following for the instant before the projectile hits the
surface:

14. The work done on the projectile by gravity.

Answer: 1200 J
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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 14–16 on the
information below.
A projectile with a mass of 5.0 kg is shot horizontally
from a height of 25.0 m above a flat desert surface.
The projectile’s initial speed is 17 m/s. Calculate the
following for the instant before the projectile hits the
surface:

15. The change in kinetic energy since the projectile

was fired.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 14–16 on the
information below.
A projectile with a mass of 5.0 kg is shot horizontally
from a height of 25.0 m above a flat desert surface.
The projectile’s initial speed is 17 m/s. Calculate the
following for the instant before the projectile hits the
surface:

15. The change in kinetic energy since the projectile

was fired.
Answer: 1200 J

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 14–16 on the
information below.
A projectile with a mass of 5.0 kg is shot horizontally
from a height of 25.0 m above a flat desert surface.
The projectile’s initial speed is 17 m/s. Calculate the
following for the instant before the projectile hits the
surface:

16. The final kinetic energy of the projectile.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 14–16 on the
information below.
A projectile with a mass of 5.0 kg is shot horizontally
from a height of 25.0 m above a flat desert surface.
The projectile’s initial speed is 17 m/s. Calculate the
following for the instant before the projectile hits the
surface:

16. The final kinetic energy of the projectile.

Answer: 1900 J
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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Extended Response, continued

17. A skier starts from rest at the top of a hill that is
inclined at 10.5° with the horizontal. The hillside is
200.0 m long, and the coefficient of friction between
the snow and the skis is 0.075. At the bottom of the
hill, the snow is level and the coefficient of friction is
unchanged. How far does the skier move along the
horizontal portion of the snow before coming to rest?
Show all of your work.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 5

Extended Response, continued

17. A skier starts from rest at the top of a hill that is
inclined at 10.5° with the horizontal. The hillside is
200.0 m long, and the coefficient of friction between
the snow and the skis is 0.075. At the bottom of the
hill, the snow is level and the coefficient of friction is
unchanged. How far does the skier move along the
horizontal portion of the snow before coming to rest?
Show all of your work.

Answer: 290 m

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 Section 3 Conservation of Energy

Chapter 5

Mechanical Energy

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