PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

RRL
Selecting Relevant Literature
Literature vs. Studies

1. Literature refers to any written document which is

related to the topic being investigated. These may be from
books, magazine articles, pamphlets, public records, or
even online articles.
2. Studies are specific examples of literature that are
produced scholarly. This consists of published research
found in journals, unpublished research found in university
libraries, case studies, position papers, and other articles
that are products of scholarly research.
The Importance of a Literature Review
There are several reasons why research includes a literature review.
Prieto, Naval, and Carey (2017, 84) present the following reasons:

1. To indicate the research that has been

conducted on the topic, to ensure that
the researcher is not ‘reinventing the wheel’
2. To demonstrate that you are aware of
important and recent studies on the topic.
This prevents you from being discouraged
when you suddenly find out that there is a
similar study already conducted on the topic.
The Importance of a Literature Review
There are several reasons why research includes a literature review.
Prieto, Naval, and Carey (2017, 84) present the following reasons:

3. To ensure that you have not missed

literature detailing and efficient way for you to
conduct your study, or pointing you to a data
collection tool that is most appropriate for your
study
4. To explain the theoretical background of
your proposed research project
5. To demonstrate your ability to critically
analyze the literature in your study
Kinds of Literature Review:
Literature reviews come in various forms and
compositions according to the purpose of the researcher.

1. Narrative – the literature review

provides an overview of the current
understanding of the topic as
presented in various articles and
studies. The research narrates what
other authors or researchers are
saying about the topic.
2. Integrative – This review synthesizes
findings from different approaches such
as qualitative and quantitative studies.
3. Syntactic – This review synthesizes
actual pieces of evidence and findings
collected to minimize bias.
4. Scoping – This review involves a broad
research question that explores the
current evidence base.
Sources of Literature:
Literature may be taken from various sources. However, literature
sources are classified according to how near they were to the
event being studied.
1. Primary sources are literature produced by
those who experienced the event and
indicates the first appearance of new
information. Primary sources include:
-Transcript of interviews from those who
witnessed and experienced the event,
autobiographies, diaries, letters, and original
social media posts.
2. Secondary sources are literature that
are interpretations and evaluations made
from primary sources. They are written
with the benefit of hindsight, where the
author compares various primary sources
to produce the evaluation. These include:
- Biographies, commentaries,
encyclopedia entries, published research
in journals, textbooks, and survey results
3. Tertiary sources are distillations and
collections of primary and secondary sources.
Tertiary sources serve as a good jumping-off
point for searching more direct references
that contain the actual data on the event.
Examples of these are:
- Almanacs, fact books, chronologies,
indices and bibliographies, and directories.
Wikipedia articles on a topic can sometimes
count as a
tertiary source.
Citing Related Literature Using Standard Style
Prieto, Naval, and Carey (2017, 88)

Different Referencing Styles

1. American Psychological Association (APA)
Style It is an author/date style, and places
emphasis on the author and date of the
material to uniquely identify it. It is currently
on its 7th edition.
2. Modern Language Association (MLA) Style It is
often applied in the arts and humanities
particularly in the United States
3. Harvard Style Similar to APA, and it is well-used in
the UK and Australia.
4. Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) First published in
1906 by the University of Chicago Press and it is
currently on its 17th edition. It has two variations:
- The Notes and Bibliography System which uses
footnotes. This is used for papers written in the fields
of literature, history and the arts.
- The Author-Date System, which uses a style
somewhat similar to APA, and is used for papers in the
fields of science and social science. It uses
parenthetical citations that indicates the name, date of
publication, and page from which the citation is taken.
5. Turabian Style Created by Kate L.
Turabian, it is a variation of the
Chicago Manual of Style created for
high school and college students for
their research which are not meant
for journal publication.
In-Text Citations
• In-text citation is the method of citing the
author or creator of the material or idea as
well as the date of its creation or
publication. It enables the reader to directly
reference the idea or material being
discussed to its author. The complete
details of the reference can be found in the
bibliography which is found at the latter
part of the research paper.
Literature reviews contain different kinds of in-text
citations. Given below are examples of in-text citations in
the Author-Date System of the CMoS format:
1. By author or writer (Narrative Citations) – the
researcher mentions the last name of the author then
the year of publication with the page numbers in
parentheses. If there are multiple pages, write the
first and last page numbers connected by a hyphen.
Last Name (Year of Publication, pages 23- 35)
Example:
Jackson (2016,1- 2) pointed out that people have
misconceptions about psychologists and psychology.
2. By topic (Parenthetical Citations) – the
name of the author and year of publication
are enclosed in parentheses, then followed
by a comma and the page numbers. It is
located after the idea or quotation was
mentioned.
(Last Name Year of Publication, pages)
Example: People have misconceptions about
the role of psychologists and the field of
psychology (Jackson 2016, 2).
If a work was taken from the internet, there
is no need to indicate the page number. If it
is written by two authors, use and between
their surnames. If a work has four or more
authors, et al. should be used after the first
name cited. If the cited article has no date
available, n.d. should be used.
Example;
Narcissism among college students in the
United States increased between 1980 and 2006
(Twenge and Foster 2008)
 Twenge & Foster (2008) demonstrated
that narcissism among college students in
the United States is on the rise after
comparing data from 1980 and 2006.
Campbell, et al. (2004) speculated that
entitlement would be greater in cultures
where resources are easily accessible and
interdependence among individuals is low.
Even if you are employing these
methods of in-text citation, this does
not allow you to copy huge blocks of
text or direct quotations from the
source. It is best that you
paraphrase the ideas instead of
copying blocks of text.
References
• Each in-text citation must have a matching detailed
reference located at the research paper’s bibliography.
This serves as a guide for the reader to the sources of
ideas mentioned in the study. In the 17th edition of the
Chicago Manual of Style, each kind of reference has its
own citation format.
• Please note that the references are written with a half-
inch hanging indent from the left margin (the 2nd line
is indented except of the first line) to emphasize the
author. Take note that if the article is written by four or
more authors, list down up to ten authors.
1. Books Surname of First Author, First Name and
First Name Surname of 2nd Author. Year of
Publication. Title of the Book: Subtitle of the
Book. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Examples:
Jackson, Sherri. 2016. Research Methods and
Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach.
Boston: Cengage Learning.
Creswell, John and J. David Creswell. 2018.
Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative,
and Mixed Methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
2. Research Journals Surname of First Author, First
Name and First Name Surname of Subsequent Author.
Year of Publication. “Title of Journal Article.” Name of
Journal volume number, issue number (Journal
Publication Year): page numbers. DOI link.
Examples:
Piff, Paul. 2013. “Wealth and the Inflated Self: Class, Entitlement, and
Narcissism.” Personality and Social Psychology Bullettin 40, no. 1 (2014):
34-43. http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213501699
Zemojtel-Piotrowska, Magdalena, Jaroslaw Piotroski, Jan Cieciuch, Rachel
Calogero, Alain Van Hiel, Piergiorgio Argentero, Sergiu Batalgescu,
Tomasz Baran, Gopa Bardwahj, Marcin Bukowski. 2015.
“Measurement of Psychological Entitlement in 28 Countries.”
European Journal of Psychological Assessment 33, no. 1 (2017):
207-217. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000286
3. Newspapers and Magazines (including
online editions
Printed:
• Surname, First Name. Year of Publication.
“Title of Article” Name of Periodical, Date
of Issue.
Online Editions:
• Surname, First Name. Year of Publication.
“Title of Article” Name of Periodical, Date
of Issue. Website Link.
Examples:
Semuels, Alana. 2020. “No income. Major medical
bills. What life is like for millions of Americans
facing financial ruin because of the pandemic.”
Time, May 18, 2020.

Semuels, Alana. 2020. “No income. Major medical

bills. What life is like for millions of Americans
facing f inancial ruin because of the pandemic.”
Time, May 18, 2020.
https://time.com/5833008/us-u
nemploymentcoronavirus/
4. Websites, Blog Posts, and Blog
Comments
Website:
• Surname, First Name. Year of Publication. “Title
of Article” Accessed [Date of Access]. Website
Link.

Blogs:
• Surname, First Name (username). Year of
Publication. “[First 160 characters of the
post].” Blog Name, Date of Publication.
Example:
• Padillo, Marc Adrian. 2019. “PUV
Modernization: Here’s What You Need to
Know”. iMoney Learning Center,
Accessed October 1, 2019.
Activity 1
Direction: Try to classify the following written materials according to their
source. In your paper, copy the given table below and list the given terms
in the box under their respective columns.
Activity 2
Directions: The following references need to be written using the Chicago Manual of
Style. In your paper, write down the appropriate parenthetical in-text citation for
the following:

1. Pages 24-25 of How to Write a Thesis by Rowena Murray. Open University Press.
Published in New York in 2002.
In-text Citation:
2. How to Make Mayonnaise by Jessica Gavin. Accessed blog last April 21, 2020.
Published on her blog on March 23, 2018 at https://www.jessicagavin.com/how-to-
make-mayonnaise/
In-text Citation:
3. “Want to Cancel Your Food Delivery Order? You Could Get Six Years in Jail if This
Law Passes in the Philippines” article by Seren Morris on Newsweek. Published June
8, 2020 at https://www.newsweek.com/philippines-foodgrocery-delivery-order-
cancel-prison-1509379
In-text Citation:
• Activity 3
Directions: This time, write a reference entry for each
of the items in Activity 2 using the Chicago Manual of
Style.
1. _______________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS/ CLARIFICATIONS