Introduction

to
Basic
Electronic
sCHONELOU JOHN J. LOBERIANO
VILMOR P. RUBI, JR.
What is electronics?
Branch of science that deals with
 study of flow & control of
electrons
 study and application of the
principles of physics to design,
create, and operate devices that
manipulate electrons and other
electrically charged particles
 Evolution
of
Electronics
● 1752-Ben Franklin – Lightning
● 1784- Charles Augustin Coulomb –
Electrical Charge
● 1791-Luigi Galvani – Bio electricity
● 1799- Alessandro Volta –Voltage
1820- Hans Christian Oersted – Electromagnetism

1827- George Simon Ohm- Resistance

1831- Michael Faraday - Electromagnetic induction
1864- James Clerk Maxwell - Maxwell’s equation
1876- Alexander Graham Bell-Telephone
1879- Thomas Alva Edison – Electric Bulb
1888- Heinrich Hertz – Radio Waves
1895- Marconi-Radio
1904- Ambrose Fleming – Vacuum Tube
1906- Lee De Forest-Triode
1925- John Logie Baird – Television
1939- Russell Ohl – PN Junction Diode
1948- William Schockley, John Bardeen and
Watter Brattain- Transistor

1958- Jack Kilby – Integrated Circuit

1971- Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore-Microprocessor
Elements of Electricity
 Voltage
 Current
 Resistance
 Types of Current: AC and
DC
 Circuits
Closed
Open
Short
 Voltage, Current, and
Resistance
Water flowing through a hose is a good
way to imagine electricity
Water is like Electrons in a wire
(flowing electrons are called
Current)
Pressure is the force pushing water
through a hose – Voltage is the force
pushing electrons through a wire
Friction against the holes walls slows
the flow of water – Resistance is an
impediment that slows the flow of
electrons
Forms of Current
There are 2 types of current
The form is determined by the directions
the current flows through a conductor
Direct Current (DC)
Flows in only one direction from negative
toward positive pole of source
Alternating Current (AC)
Flows back and forth because the poles
of the source alternate between positive
and negative
Circuits
A circuit is a path for current to flow.
Three basic kinds of circuits
Open – the path is broken and
interrupts current flow
Closed – the path is complete and
current flows where it is
intended
Short – an unintended low resistance
path that diverts current
Ohm’s Law
 The mathematical relationship
V=I*R
 Doing the math
 Kirchhoff’s law
A way to predict circuit behavior
It all adds up
Nothing is lost
 V
Ohm’s Law
 There is a mathematical
relationship between the
three elements of electricity. 𝑉
That relationship is Ohm’s 𝑅=
law. 𝐼
• V = voltage 𝑉
• R = resistance in ohms 𝐼=
• I = current in amperes
 It states that current flowing 𝑅
through a conductor is
directly proportional to the
Ohm’s Law
BASIC COMPONENTS
IN ELECTRONICS
Electronic
Workbench
Before you get
started, make
sure your
electronic
workbench is
properly set up.
Tools
Now that you have
a good workspace
set up, it’s time to
stock it with the
proper tools and
equipment. This
isn’t a complete
list but it does
highlight the most
common items
Breadboard
Breadboards are an
essential tool for
prototyping and building
temporary circuits. These
boards contain holes for
inserting wire and
components. Because of
their temporary nature,
they allow you to create
circuits without soldering.
The holes in a breadboard
are connected in rows
both horizontally and
Digital Multimeter
A multimeter is a
device that’s used to
measure electric
current (amps),
voltage (volts) and
resistance (ohms).
It’s a great for
troubleshooting
circuits and is capable
Battery Holders
A battery holder is a
plastic case that holds
batteries from 9V to AA.
Some holders are
enclosed and may have
an on/off switch built in.
Test Leads
(Alligator Clips)
Test leads are great
for connecting
components
together to test a
circuit without the
need for soldering.
Wire Cutter
Wire cutters are
essential for
stripping
stranded and
solid copper
wire.
Precision Screwdriver
Set
Precision screwdrivers are
also known as jeweler’s
screwdrivers and usually
come as a set. The
advantage of these over
normal screwdrivers is the
precision tips of each
driver. These are very
handy when working with
Helping 3rd Hand
When working with
electronics, it seems
you never have
enough hands to hold
everything. This is
where the helping
hand (3rd hand)
comes in. Great for
holding circuit boards
or wire when
soldering or tinning.
Heat Gun
A heat gun is used to
shrink plastic tubing
known as heat
shrink to help protect
exposed wire. Heat
shrink has been called
the duct tape of
electronics and comes
in handy in a wide
Jumper Wire
These wires are used
with breadboard and
development boards
and are generally 22-
28 AWG solid core
wire. Jumper wires
can have male or
female ends
depending on how
they need to be used.
Soldering Iron
When it time to create a
permanent circuit, you’ll
want to solder the parts
together. To do this, a
soldering iron is the tool
you would use. Of course
a soldering iron isn’t any
good unless you have
solder to go with it. You
can choose leaded or lead-
 Electronic
Components
Switch
Switches can come in
many forms such as
pushbutton, rocker,
momentary and others.
Their basic function is
to interrupt electric
current by turning a
circuit on or off.
Resistor
Resistors are used to resist
the flow of current or to
control the voltage in a
circuit. The amount of
resistance that a resistor
offers is measured in Ohms.
Most resistors have colored
stripes on the outside and
this code will tell you it’s
value of resistance. You can
use a multimeter or Digikey’s
resistor color code calculator
Variable Resistor
(Potentiometer)
A variable resistor is
also known as a
potentiometer. These
components can be
found in devices such
as a light dimmer or
volume control for a
radio. When you turn
the shaft of a
potentiometer the
resistance changes in
Light-Dependent Resistor
(LDR)
A light-dependent
resistor is also a variable
resistor but is controlled
by the light versus
turning a knob. The
resistance in the circuit
changes with the
intensity of the light.
These are often found in
exterior lights that
automatically turn on at
Capacitor
Capacitors store
electricity and then
discharges it back into
the circuit when there is
a drop in voltage. A
capacitor is like a
rechargeable battery and
can be charged and then
discharged. The value is
measured in F (Farad),
nano Farad (nF) or pico
Diode
A diode allows
electricity to flow in
one direction and
blocks it from flowing
the opposite way.
The diode’s primary
role is to route
electricity from taking
an unwanted path
Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
A light-emitting diode is like a
standard diode in the fact that
electrical current only flows in
one direction. The main
difference is an LED will emit
light when electricity flows
through it. Inside an LED there
is an anode and cathode.
Current always flows from the
anode (+) to the cathode (-)
and never in the opposite
direction. The longer leg of the
Transistor
Transistor are tiny
switches that turn a
current on or off when
triggered by an electric
signal. In addition to
being a switch, it can
also be used to amplify
electronic signals. A
transistor is similar to a
Relay
A relay is an
electrically operated
switch that opens or
closes when power is
applied. Inside a
relay is an
electromagnet which
controls a mechanical
switch.
Integrated Circuit (IC)
An integrated circuit is a
circuit that’s been reduced in
size to fit inside a tiny chip.
This circuit contains
electronic components like
resistors and capacitors but
on a much smaller scale.
Integrated circuits come in
different variations such as
555 timers, voltage
regulators, microcontrollers
 Volt-Ohm-Meter
Basics
Meter Reading Digits

DC Voltage Scales

AC Voltage Scales

Function Selection

Jacks
Volt-Ohm-Meter
Basics
DC Current (low)

DC Current (high)

Resistance

Transistor Checker

Diode Checker
Circuit Diagrams Basics
(Electronic Roadmaps)
Component Representations
Resistor
Ground
Capacitor
Inductor
Diode
Transistor
Integrated circuit
Special
Circuit Diagrams Basics Project T.V. Remote Decoder Circuit

78L05
+9V

Gnd
Out

In
1N4001

SW6

.1uF 330
+5 Volts
to Relays

1 8
Vcc Gnd

12F675
2 7
4.7K GP5 GP0
3 6
GP4 GP1
4 5 Vcc
GP3 GP2
SW5 Gnd
N.O. Out

SW4 SW3 SW2 SW1

+5V +5V +5V +5V

K4 330 K3 330 330 K2 330 K1

LED LED LED LED

4.7K 4.7K 4.7K 4.7K

2N3904 2N3904 2N3904 2N3904

Note:
 Internal pull-up resistors are used on 12F265 pins
GP0, GP1, GP2, GP4, GP5
 External pull-up resistor required on GP3
 Protection diodes are internal to K1 - K4
 Switchs SW1 - SW4 are internal to K1 - K4
Resistor
Resistors are used
to resist the flow of
current or to control
the voltage in a
circuit. The amount
of resistance that a
resistor offers is
measured in Ohms.
Most resistors have
colored stripes on
the outside and this
code will tell you it’s
value of resistance. Fixed Variable
Capacitor

Fixed Variable
Inductor

Air Core Iron Core Variable

Diode

General Light Emitting

Zener
Purpose (LED)
Transistor

NPN PNP FET

Integrated circuit

1 14

2 13

3 12

4 11

5 10

6 9

7 8
Special
V

Speaker Voltmeter
Battery

Fuse Antenna Ammeter

RESISTORS
 Project T.V. Remote Decoder Circuit

The 78L05
+9V

Gnd
Out
1N4001

In
SW6

Resistor .1uF 330

+5 Volts
to Relays

1 8
Vcc Gnd

12F675
Resistance defined
2 7
4.7K GP5 GP0
3 6
GP4 GP1
4 5 Vcc
GP3 GP2
SW5 Gnd

Resistance values
N.O. Out

Ohms – color code

SW4 SW3 SW2 SW1
+5V +5V +5V +5V

330 330 330 330

interpretation
K4 K3 K2 K1

LED LED LED LED

Power dissipation
Resistors in circuits
4.7K 4.7K 4.7K 4.7K
2N3904 2N3904 2N3904 2N3904

Note:
 Internal pull-up resistors are used on 12F265 pins
GP0, GP1, GP2, GP4, GP5
 External pull-up resistor required on GP3
 Protection diodes are internal to K1 - K4
 Switchs SW1 - SW4 are internal to K1 - K4
Resistance Defined
 Resistance is the impediment to the
flow of electrons through a
conductor
-(friction to moving electrons)
-Where there’s friction, there is
heat generated
-All materials exhibit some
resistance, even the best of
conductors
 Unit measured in Ohm(s)
 Resistor Types
● Fixed Value
● Variable value
● Composite resistive material
● Wire-wound
● Two parameters associated with
resistors
○ Resistance value in Ohms
○ Power handling capabilities in
watts
All 1000 Ohm Resistors

1/8 ¼ ½ 1 2 20
Resistor Types
Resistor Types
Inside a
Resistor
Power Dissipation
 Resistance generates heat and the
component must be able to dissipate
this heat to prevent damage.
 Physical size (the surface area
available to dissipate heat) is a good
indicator of how much heat (power) a
resistor can handle
 Measured in watts
 Common values ¼, ½, 1, 5, 10 etc.
 Reading Resistor Color
Codes

1.Turn resistor so gold, silver band, or space

is at right
2.Note the color of the two left hand color
bands
3.The left most band is the left hand value
digit
4.The next band to the right is the second
value digit
5.Note the color of the third band from the
Reading Resistor Color
Codes
Reading Resistor Color Codes
(Practice Problems)

1. Orange, orange, red?

2. Yellow, violet, orange?
3. Brown, black, brown?
4. Brown, black, green?
5. Red, red, red?
6. Blue, gray, orange?
7. Orange, white, orange?
Reading Resistor Color Codes
(Practice Problems)
1. Orange, orange, red? 3.3K or
3300 Ω
2. Yellow, violet, orange? 47K Ω
3. Brown, black, brown? 100 Ω
4. Brown, black, green? 1 mega Ω
5. Red, red, red? 2.2K or 2200 Ω
6. Blue, gray, orange? 68K Ω
7. Orange, white, orange? 39K Ω
REFERENCES

Henry, B. O. W. (n.d.). Basic Electronics.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12954860/
https://www.britannica.com/
https://www.makerspaces.com/basic-electronics/
Introduction to electronics. (n.d.). Ppt Download.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/9246730/
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