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Computer Application

Jabir

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Computer Application

Jabir

Uploaded by

sangkalpasubba8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer application in pharmacy

Presented by:
Doma Tamang
Information system
(UNIT I)

Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational


systems designed to collect, process, store, and distribute
information.
In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are composed
by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and
technology.
The six components that must come together in order to produce
an information
system are: (Information systems are organizational procedures and
do not need a Computer or software, this data is erroneous)
1. Hardware: The term hardware refers to machinery. This category includes
the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit
(CPU), and all of its support equipment. Among the support, equipment are
input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices.
2. Software: The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals (if
any) that support them. Computer programs are machine-readable
instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the system to
function in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are
generally stored on some input/output medium, often a disk or tape.
3. Data: Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful
information. Like programs, data are generally stored in
machine_x0002_readable form on disk or tape untilthe computer needs them.
4. Procedures: Procedures are the policies that govern the
operation of a
computer system. “Procedures are to people what software is to
hardware” is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of
procedures in a system.
5. People: Every system needs people if it is to be useful. Often the
most overlooked element of the system are the people, probably
the component that most influence the success or failure of
information systems. This includes
“not only the users, but those who operate and service the
computers, those who maintain the data, and those who support
the network of computers.”
6. Feedback: it is another component of the IS, that defines that an
IS may be provided with a feedback
Types of information system

• data warehouses
• enterprise resource planning
• enterprise systems
• expert systems
• search engines
• geographic information system
• global information system
• office automation.
Systems Development Life Cycle
• An effective System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
should result in a high quality system that meets
customer expectations, reaches completion within
time and cost evaluations, and works effectively
and efficiently in the current and planned
Information Technology infrastructure.
• System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a
conceptual model which includes policies and
procedures for developing or altering systems
throughout their life cycles.
SDLC is used by analysts to develop an information system. SDLC
includes the

following activities –
• requirements
• design
• implementation
• testing
• deployment
• operations
• maintenance
• Phases of SDLC
Systems Development Life Cycle is a systematic
approach which explicitly breaks down the work
into phases that are required to implement
either new or modified Information System.
Components Of Information System
An Information system is a combination of hardware
and software and telecommunication networks that
people build to collect, create and distribute useful
data, typically in an organisational, It defines the
flow of information within the system.
The objective of an information system is to provide
appropriate information to the user, to gather the
data, processing of the data and communicate
information to the user of the system.
1. Computer Hardware:
Physical equipment used for input, output and processing.
What hardware to use it depends upon the type and size of
the organisation. It consists of input, an output device,
operating system, processor, and media devices. This also
includes computer peripheral devices.
2. Computer Software:
The programs/ application program used to control and
coordinate the hardwarecomponents. It is used for
analysing and processing of the data. These programs
include a set of instruction used for processing information.
Software is further classified into 3 types:
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Procedures
3. Databases:
Data are the raw facts and figures that are unorganised that are and later
processed to
generate information. Softwares are used for organising and serving data to
the user, managing physical storage of media and virtualresources. Asthe
hardwarecan’twork withoutsoftwarethesameas software needs data for
processing. Data are managed using Database managementsystem.
Database software is used for efficient access for required data, and to
manage knowledge bases.
4. Network:
• Networks resources refer to the telecommunication networks like the
intranet,
extranet and the internet.
• These resources facilitate the flow of information in the organisation.
• Networks consists of both the physicals devises such as networks cards,
routers, hubs and cables and software such as operating systems, web
servers, data servers and application servers.
• Telecommunications networks consist of computers, communications
processors, and other devices interconnected by communications media and
controlled by software.
• Networks include communication media, and Network Support.
5. Human Resources:
It is associated with the manpower required to run and manage
the system. People are the end user of the information system,
end-user use information produced for their own purpose, the
main purpose of the information system is to benefit the end
user.
The end user can be accountants, engineers, salespersons,
customers, clerks, or managers etc. People are also responsible
to develop and operate information systems. They include
systems analysts, computer operators, programmers, and other
clerical IS personnel, and managerial techniques.
Project management
Project management is the application of
processes, methods, skills, knowledge and
experience to achieve specific project objectives
according to the project acceptance
criteria within agreed parameters.
What is a project?

A project is a unique, transient endeavour, undertaken to achieve


planned objectives,
which could be defined in terms of outputs, outcomes or benefits.
A project is usually deemed to be a success if it achieves the
objectives according to their acceptance criteria, within an agreed
timescale and budget. Time, cost and quality are the building blocks
of every project.
Time: scheduling is a collection of techniques used to develop and
present
schedules that show when work will be performed.
Cost: how are necessary funds acquired and finances managed?
Quality: how will fitness for purpose of the deliverables and
management processes be assured?
The core components of project management are:

• defining the reason why a project is necessary;


• capturing project requirements, specifying quality of the deliverables,
estimating
resources and timescales;
• preparing a business case to justify the investment;
• securing corporate agreement and funding;
• developing and implementing a management plan for the project;
• leading and motivating the project delivery team;
• managing the risks, issues and changes on the project;
• monitoring progress against plan;
• managing the project budget;
• maintaining communications with stakeholders and the project organisation;
• provider management;
• closing the project in a controlled fashion when appropriate
UNIT-II
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM(DFD)

• A graphically tool, useful for communication with user,


manager, and also personnel.

• Useful for analyzing existing as well as proposed systems.

• Also known as “Bubble chart”.


• It represent the flow of data graphically in an
information system.
• It represent the incoming data flow, out going data flow
and stored data flow.
• How the data is processed in a system in term of input
and output.
• A DFD model use no. of notation or symbol to represent
flow of diagram.
DFD ELEMENTS
1. Source / sinks (External Entities)

• Source -Entity that supplies data to the system.


• Sinks- Entity that receive data from the system.

2. Data Flows
3. Processes or Bubble

4. Data store
• Write
• Reading
RULES OF DFD

1. Each process should have at least one input and one


output.
2. Each data store should have at least one data flow in and
one data flow out.
3. All process in a DFD go to either another process or
data store .
4. All the external entities most be connected through a
process and entity can provided something to the s/w as
well as the entities can consume some data from the s/w.
LEVELS OF DFD

1. 0th level DFD:


It is the diagram which provides the entire systems data
flows and processing with a single process(bubble) is
called context.
2. 1st level DFD:
This is a more detailed version of the previous level that
includes the database and various important units.

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