Networking Basic

Line configuration

There are two ways to connect the devices

Point-to-Point connection
Multipoint connection
 Point-to-Point connection

can connect the two devices by means of a

pair of wires or using a microwave or satellite
link.
 Multipoint connection

connection two or more devices share a

single link
 Network Topology

schematic description of a network

arrangement, connecting various nodes
through lines of connection
Types of Network Topology
Bus
Ring
Mesh
 BUS Topology

Bus topology is a network type in which every

device is connected to single cable
 Advantages of Bus Topology

It is cost effective.

Cable required is least compared to other
network topology.
Used in small networks.
It is easy to understand.
Easy to expand joining two cables together.
 Disadvantages of Bus Topology

Cables fails then whole network fails.

If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more
the performance of the network decreases.
Cable has a limited length.
It is slower than the ring topology
 RING Topology

Multiple Devices is connected in ring format.

 Advantages of Ring Topology

Transmitting network is not affected by high

traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the
nodes having tokens can transmit data.
There is no collision in network
 Disadvantages of Ring Topology

Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.

Adding or deleting the computers disturbs
the network activity.
Failure of one computer disturbs the whole
network.
 STAR Topology

all the computers are connected to a single

hub through a cable.
 Advantages of Star Topology

Fast performance with few nodes and low

network traffic.
Hub can be upgraded easily.
Easy to troubleshoot.
Easy to setup and modify.
Only that node is affected which has failed,
rest of the nodes can work smoothly.
 Disadvantages of Star Topology

Cost of installation is high.

Expensive to use.
If the hub fails then the whole network is
stopped because all the nodes depend on the
hub.
Performance is based on the hub that is it
depends on its capacity
 MESH Topology

It is a point-to-point connection to other

nodes or devices. All the network nodes are
connected to each other
 Advantages of Mesh Topology

Each connection can carry its own data load.

It is robust.
Fault is diagnosed easily.
Provides security and privacy.
 Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

Installation and configuration is difficult.

Cabling cost is more.
Bulk wiring is required.
 TREE Topology

It has a root node and all other nodes are

connected to it forming a hierarchy
 Advantages of Tree Topology

Extension of bus and star topologies.

Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
Easily managed and maintained.
Error detection is easily done.
 Disadvantages of Tree Topology

Heavily cabled.
Costly.
If more nodes are added maintenance is
difficult.
Central hub fails, network fails.
 HYBRID Topology

types of topologies which is a mixture of two

or more topologies.
 Advantages of Hybrid Topology

Reliable as Error detecting and trouble

shooting is easy.
Effective.
Scalable as size can be increased easily.
Flexible
 Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

Complex in design.
Costly
 Transmission Modes

Transmission mode refers to the mechanism

of transferring of data between two devices
There are three types of transmission modes.
They are:
Simplex Mode
Half duplex Mode
Full duplex Mode
 SIMPLEX Mode

In this type of transmission mode, data can

be sent only in one direction
 HALF DUPLEX

Half-duplex data transmission means that

data can be transmitted in both directions on
a signal carrier, but not at the same time
 FULL DUPLEX Mode

In full duplex system we can send data in

both the directions as it is bidirectional at the
same time in other words, data can be sent in
both directions simultaneously.
 Transmission Mediums

Transmission medium is the means through

which we send our data from one place to
another.
Factors to be considered while selecting
a Transmission Medium
Transmission Rate
Cost and Ease of Installation
Resistance to Environmental Conditions
Distances
 Twisted Pair Cable

Its frequency range is 0 to 3.5 kHz.

Typical attenuation is 0.2 dB/Km @ 1kHz.
Typical delay is 50 µs/km.
Segment length is 100 M.
 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

UTP cables consist of 2 or 4 pairs of twisted

cable
Cable with 2 pair use RJ-11 connector and 4
pair cable use RJ-45 connector.
 Advantages

Installation is easy
Flexible
Cheap
It has high speed capacity,
100 meter limit
Higher grades of UTP are used in LAN
technologies like Ethernet.
 Disadvantages

Bandwidth is low when compared with

Coaxial Cable
Provides less protection from interference.
Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
Advantages
Easy to install
Performance is adequate
Can be used for Analog or Digital transmission
Increases the signaling rate
Higher capacity than unshielded twisted pair
Eliminates crosstalk
Disadvantages
Difficult to manufacture
Heavy
Coaxial Cable
connector
 Advantages

Bandwidth is high
Transmits digital signals at a very high rate
of 10Mbps.
Much higher noise immunity
Data transmission without distortion.
The can span to longer distance at higher
speeds as they have better shielding when
compared to twisted pair cable
 Disadvantages

Difficult to install and expensive when

compared with twisted pair.
If the shield is imperfect, it can lead to
grounded loop.
 Applications

Coaxial cable was widely used in analog telephone

networks, where a single coaxial network could carry
10,000 voice signals.
Cable TV networks also use coaxial cables. In the
traditional cable TV network, the entire network used
coaxial cable. Cable TV uses RG-59 coaxial cable.
In traditional Ethernet LANs. Because of it high
bandwidth, and consequence high data rate, coaxial
cable was chosen for digital transmission in early
Ethernet LANs. The 10Base-2, or Thin Ethernet, uses
RG-58 coaxial cable with BNC connectors to transmit
data at 10Mbps with a range of 185 m
 Fiber Optic

A fibre-optic cable is made of glass or Fiber

and transmits signals in the form of light
Fibre Sizes
Connector
 Advantages

Higher bandwidth
Less signal attenuation
Immunity to electromagnetic interference
Resistance to corrosive materials
Light weight
Greater immunity to tapping
 Disadvantages

Installation and maintenance

Unidirectional light propagation
High Cost
 Local Area Network

small physical areas such as an office, group

of buildings or a factory
LAN can be a simple network
LAN's operate at relatively high speed when
compared to the typical WAN
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

It generally covers towns and cities

Communication medium used for MAN are
optical fibers, cables etc.
Data rates adequate for distributed
computing applications
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

t is used for the network that covers large

distance such as cover states of a country
Communication medium used by WAN are
PSTN or Satellite links. WAN operates on low
data rates