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Introduction To Mathematics

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8 views18 pages

Introduction To Mathematics

Uploaded by

maryangela0128
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTIO

N TO
MATHEMATIC
S

Instructor : Jeroselyn P. Bulanhigan


COGNITIVE
REASONING
Objective
• Recognize simple nonmathematical
pattern.
• Recognize pattern that will help the
students gain mathematical pattern.
• Analyze the problem to be solved
step by step
What is Cognitive
Reasoning?
 Cognitive reasoning is the ability to analyze and perceive any given information
from different perspectives by breaking it down into manageable components
and structuring the information in a logical order.

 Cognitive reasoning is an integral part of cognitive ability.

 Reasoning based on pattern is sometimes called cognitive


reasoning.
The Number sequence

➢ A collection of numbers arranged in order from left to right,


such that there is a first term, second term, etc., and are separated by
commas, is called a number sequence.
➢ A sequence is a set of numbers in a particular order.
➢ The numbers in a sequence are called terms of the sequence. The
sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, where the first term is 1, the second term is 3,
the third term is 5, and so on.
Solution:
Considering the sums of the
terms, we have 1 + 1 = 2 and if
Example:
we add the first, the second, and
What are the next three
the third terms, we have 1 + 1 +
terms in the sequence? 1, 2 = 4 which is the fourth term.
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, . . . Continuing the pattern, 1 + 1 + 2
+ 4 = 8, fifth term 1 + 1 + 2 + 4
+ 8 = 16, sixth term 1 + 1 + 2 + 4
+ 8 + 16 = 32, seventh term 1 +
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 = 64,
eight term
Hence, the next three terms, 64 + 64
= 128, ninth term 128 + 128 = 256,
tenth term 256 + 256 = 512, eleventh
term
Example: Solution:
In this example, instead of The first term where n = 1, 2(1)
discovering a pattern in the + 3 = 5. The second term where
sequence, we will give the n = 2, 2(2) + 3 = 7 The third term
pattern of the sequence itself. where n = 3, 2(3) + 3 = 9. The
Construct a sequence using the fourth term where n = 4, 2(4) + 3
pattern 2n + 3, given n = 1, 2, = 11. The fifth term where n = 5,
3, 4, 5. 2(5) + 3 = 13. Thus, our
sequence is 5, 7, 9, 11, 13.
The sum up, the type of reasoning we have
considered in this section in the prediction of the
unknown and in the generalization of the nth term is
called inductive reasoning. The process of
generalizing from particular observations or
previous outcomes is called inductive reasoning .
PROBLEM
SOLVING
Objective
• Understand and apply the four
general steps in problem solving.
• Examine various approaches
and limitations of problem-solving
strategies.
George Pólya was a Hungarian mathematician
and is still today one of the most important
thinkers in his field. He was born on December
13, 1887 in Budapest, which at that time was part
of Austria-Hungary. Pólya first studied languages
and literature before he turned to physics and
mathematics.

In the 1950s, George Polya, a mathematician


who researched extensively, began to write a
series of materials to give an insight on problem
solving. He gave four steps in solving problems.
POLYA’S PROBLEM-
SOLVING STEPS
1. Understand the problem.
What am I trying to find?
2. Develop a plan.
What strategies might I use to solve
the problem?
3. Carry out the plan.
How can I correctly carry out the
strategies I selected?
4. Look back and check if the solution
works.
Example
Twelve couples have been invited to a party.
The couples will be seated at a series of
square tables, placed end to end forming one
long table. How many of these table are
needed to seat all 24 people?
problem
The key words in the problem are square tables, placed
end to end, and 24 people.

Develop a
plan Make a chart. Record the data then look for patterns.
Number of Tables 1 2 3 4 . . . n

Number of Guest 4 6 8 10 . . . 24
There seems to be a pattern here. As we add a table, the
number of guests that can be seated is increased by 2.
Suppose we limit the number of guests to a smaller
number, say 16. Let us see if our pattern holds true.
Extend the chart.
Number of Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Guest 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Carry out the Plan
Since the pattern hold true for 16 guests, we can continue to add 1 table
for every two additional guests until we reach our required number of
24 guests (16 + 8 = 24). Therefor, 11 tables are needed to
accommodate 24 guests.
Looking
back
One way to check the solution is to continue the chart until we reach the
required number of guests.
Number of Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Number of Guest 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
We can also check the answer by placing 11 small squares
(to represent the tables) in a row, end to end.
Then we could actually count the places to be certain that the
tables can actually seat the 24 guests.

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