n the guidance of With intellectual

Mr.Anirudh support of
Dr.M.V.Raju

Water Treatment ,STP and constructed

wetlands
B.KOUSHIK AUSTIN YOUNES ZAHUR KYATHI DHANUSH 231FA0301 231FA0301
231FA0300 231FA0301 231FA0302 231FA0301 241LA0300 241LA0300 9 7
7 5 2 1 4 2
Table of contents
• Overview
• Better water management system
• Components of the Constructed Wetland Sewage
Treatment Plant (STP)
• Process of sewage treatment
• Advantages and Disadvantages of (STP)
• Interesting findings
• Conclusion
• References
3
Overview:
 The Constructed wet land
system at Vignan university
of 700KLD capacity stands a
fabulous tool to promote
Water sustainability and to
promote the admission to
make campus Zero Water
Disposal.
 The project worth 99Lakhs
enables institute to recycle
waste water from different
sources in the campus.

4
Need for efficient water treatment
• The demand for water is
growing at more than twice
the rate of population
increase. Competition
between water for human
consumption, agriculture and
energy is intensifying. By
improving water sharing and
restoring wetlands, water
supplies can be safeguarded.

5
 Water treatment
• Water treatment is any process that improves the quality
of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. D Drinking
The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, W water
irrigation.
• It may be classified into 3 types Drinking water Industrial
treatment, Industrial water treatment, sewage Water IW
Wastewater treatment.

S Sewage
W water

6
 Domestic Sewage
• Sewage is a type of wastewater
that is produced by a community
of people. It is typically
transported through a sewer
system. Sewage consists of
wastewater discharged from
residences and from commercial,
institutional and public facilities
that exist in the locality.

7
Characteristics of sewage
Physical characteristics
Temperature
• The temperature of sewage is observed as it gives out plenty of useful indicators
of sewage solubility of oxygen. Extremely low temperature disregards the efficacy
of sedimentation and
• biological treatment systems. The temperature of sewage is a little bit higher than
groundwater and is subject to change depending on the seasons.
Colour and Odor
• The color of the sewage is used to determine its longevity and strength. The
freshness of domestic sewage appears
• cloudy.
Turbidity
• Sewage turbidity is mainly due to the presence of highly dissolved substances,
suspended solids, colloidal matters,
• and microbial cells.
Toxic Metals
• Heavy toxic metals like chromium, cyanide, copper, may end up in the municipal
sewage passed off by industrial
• discharges. These compounds help in the treatment of biological treatment
methods or sometimes disposed of inland or stream. These are well within the 8
limits of the sewage, but excessive industrial discharges may cross the limit.
Chemical Characteristics of Sewage
The pH
pH level typically ranges between 5.5 to 8.0 and is slightly alkaline in nature.
Chlorides
The average estimated sewage flow of 150 LPCD results in 50 mg/l of chloride content from
the normal water supply.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD generally ranges between 100 to 400 mg/l in raw sewage.

9
Biological Characteristics of Sewage
Mainly two types of bacteria are found in sewage
Intestinal bacteria
Pathogenic organisms
Intestinal bacteria

10
 good efficiency
Low efficiency Moderate efficiency
Aim is to make water clear from
Aim is to make water clear from Aim is to make water clear from
organic matter and excess
organisms and excess minerals heavy metals and other pollutants 11
minerals
Sewage water treatment
• Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment, municipal
wastewater treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment which
aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an
effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding
environment or an intended reuse application
• There are two popular methods of sewage water
Conventional treatment
Constructed wetland treatment

12
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)
• An Effluent Treatment Plant
(ETP) is a specialized facility
designed to treat and purify
industrial wastewater
before its safe discharge
into the environment.

13
conventional water treatment plant

• A conventional water treatment

plant uses a combination of
physical, chemical, and
biological processes to treat
water. The most common
processes used in conventional
water treatment are: mixing,
flocculation, sedimentation,
filtration, and chlorine
disinfection.

14
 Constructed wetland treatment
• Constructed wetlands (CWs)
are artificial wetlands that treat
wastewater and other
contaminants using natural
processes. CWs are designed to
mimic natural wetlands, but with
more control over the
composition of vegetation,
substrates, and flow patterns.

15
 v
s

Conventional water treatment Constructed wetland

plant treatment
Purpose
• WWTPs treat water to make it safe to drink, while CWs can be used for
wastewater treatment, stormwater management, and carbon sequestration.
Process
• WWTPs use chemical and physical processes like coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration, and disinfection to remove contaminants. CWs use natural processes
like plant roots and bacteria to remove pollutants and nutrients from
wastewater.
Cost
• CWs are generally less expensive than WWTPs to build and operate. CWs are 16
 Continution…..
Environmental impact
• CWs have lower environmental impacts and produce less secondary pollution
than WWTPs. CWs use free resources like the sun, land, and seeds, while
WWTPs use fossil fuels, concrete, electricity, and chemicals.
Space
• CWs take up a lot of space, so they aren't ideal for areas with high real estate
costs.

17
STP over Conventional treatment
-> STP could be cost effective
Ex: 700KLD water treatment plat was given quotation
of around 2 cr
Where as STP of same capacity was set up for 99Lakhs
-> odour effective
-> sludge free
-> better efficiency

18
What is wet land?

• A wetland is a place in which

the land is covered by water
—salt, fresh, or somewhere in
between—either seasonally
or permanently. It functions
as its own distinct ecosystem. 19
20
21
22
Process of sewage treatment

Storage ozonisatio Treated

wetland
tank n water

23
Components of the Constructed Wetland
STP

1.Holding Tank: Initial collection and 3. Tertiary Treatment Tank:

flow stabilization. Ozonation for final disinfection.
2.Wetland Tanks: Gravel and plant 4. Site-Specific Design: Low-
beds for filtration and pollutant elevation location for gravity flow.
Components of the Constructed Wetland
STP Tank for
Holding Tanks Wetlands(with air blowers) Tertiary Tank
treated Water
PRIMARY TREATMENT
The primary treatment process aims to remove large particles,
settle solids, and prepare the wastewater for biological treatment.
This stage includes:
• Process Details:
Sewage Inlet: Raw wastewater enters the system via the
sewage inlet.
Holding Tanks (CH-1 to CH-7):
• The wastewater flows through a series of interconnected tanks
(CH-1 to CH-7).
Gravity Separation:
• Solid particles settle to the bottom of the tanks due to gravity,
forming sludge. 26
Aeration via Air Blowers:
• Air blowers introduce oxygen into the tanks, preventing the
wastewater from becoming stagnant and reducing odor formation.
• Aeration promotes preliminary microbial activity, which begins
breaking down organic matter.
Objective:
• Removes large debris and reduces the organic load, making the water
suitable for biological treatment in the secondary stage
 STORAGE TANK
• Storage tank of large capacity
collects the sewage water from
various sources within the
university
• The inflow amount of impurities
etc are carefully monitored
through the respective gauges
throughout the process
• Calculated amount of specific
bacteria is added to water 700KLD Holding Tank @
depending on the quantity of STP
water intake .
28
 WETLANDS
• Wetlands act as a sink
for orgonic matter and
nutrients present in the
water .
• Hydroponic cultivation is
encouraged at STP of
wetlands of vignan
university
• Gravel was arranged at Locally available gravel Wetlands 1 & 2 at STP Plant
the wetland to support and Local wetland plants
plants

29
Wetland Components

Shallow beds/cells (usually <1m deep)

Helophytes (water loving plants)

Substrate (soil, coarse sand, gravels, etc.

Waterland cross section

• Constructed wetland systems have
reported high efficiency in the
treatment of wastewater
containing nitrogen compounds
with NH4-N removal of 86—98%
and NO2-N removal efficiency
exceeds 99%.

Phytoremediation technique to
remove Organic and Inorganic
Impurities in waste water
31
HOW THE
SEWAGE  Primary treatment

TREATMENT  Secondary treatment

PLANT  Tertiary treatment

FUNCTIONS

Sewage treatment plant components 32

Advantages of Constructed Wetland
Sewage Treatment
Cost Effectiveness
• Lower initial investment
• Reduced operational cost

Simplicity and Maintenance

• Easy construction and operation
• Low Maintenance Requirements

Ecological Benefits
• Natural Treatment Processes
• Biodiversity Support Illustration of STP
After treatment

Efficiency:
• Vignan’s STP has reported the efficiency of nearly 80-
90%.
• i.e only 10-20% is the overall loss
• It is to be noted as water is stored in open they are
prone to atmospheric temperature which results in
evaporation often
• The BCOD of water before treatment was around 240
mg per litre
• After treatment the BCOD was reported to desend to
around 24 mg per litre
34
 Water
management in
Vignan
universi
ty
Vadlamudi
VFSTR
• Vignan’s university
vadlamudi requires 3,00,000
Litres of water a day for it’s
needs . The institute cannot
relay solely on ground water
for it’s needs . Here CW STP
treats the sewage and
partially fulfils it’s demand.

35
….Continuati
on
Flexibility and Adaptability
• Decentralized approach
• Scalability

Aesthetic and Community Integration

• It enhances the view of the area
• Community Engagement

Reduced Risk of Odor and Pollution

• Lower odor production
• Natural filtration

36
Efficiency: 20- UPTO 98% Max around 90% 37
Interesting findings
• Immediately After visited the water treatment plant
as a civil engineer thoughts about utilization of this
treated water provoked . Through that thought was
the question provoked can this treated water be used
to mix concrete in construction ?
Research finding :
• The maximum permissible organic matter content in
water for mixing of concrete as per is 456:2000m is
200mg/l but the organic matter content in the treated
water was learnt to be 20 mg/l hence it is usable.
• Constructed wetland systems have reported high
Concrete
efficiency in the treatment of wastewater containing
degrading
nitrogen compounds with NH4-N removal of 86—98%
and NO2-N removal efficiency exceeds 99%.

38
Environmental friendly
• Releasing treated sewage as almost freshwater into the
environment or local water bodies is far more
sustainable than discharging untreated sewage directly.
Treated water minimizes pollution, protects aquatic
ecosystems, and supports safe water recycling. It also
helps maintain public health and ensures compliance
with environmental regulations.

39
Ensuring water sustainability
• The STP plant at Vignan University exemplifies a
commitment to global water sustainability goals by
ensuring the effective treatment of wastewater. By
converting sewage into reusable water, it reduces
environmental pollution, conserves natural water
resources, and supports sustainable development. This
initiative aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable
Development Goal 6, promoting clean water and
sanitation for all.

40
advancements in stp
• Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs): Combining biological treatment with
membrane filtration for higher-quality water output.Energy-Efficient
• Aeration Systems: Advanced aerators reduce energy consumption during
wastewater treatment.AI and IoT Integration: Smart sensors and artificial
intelligence enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and
optimized operations.
• Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production: Turning organic waste into
renewable energy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
• Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Efficient removal of micro-pollutants,
pharmaceuticals, and pathogens from wastewater.Decentralized STP
Systems: Compact and modular systems suitable for localized wastewater
treatment in urban and rural settings.
• Eco-Friendly Solutions: Use of constructed wetlands and nature-based
solutions for low-impact wastewater treatment.
41
Conclusion
1. The 700 KLD Constructed Wetland STP at VFSTR is a sustainable solution for wastewater
management, utilizing natural processes to treat and recycle water.
2. Constructed wetland systems have reported high efficiency in the treatment of
wastewater containing nitrogen compounds with NH4-N removal of 86—98% and NO2-N
removal efficiency exceeds 99%.
3. It supports the 3Rs—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, with treated water used for gardening
and dual plumbing.
4. Key features include:
a) Phytoremediation with plants like Canna indica.
b) Gravel substrates for filtration and microbial support.
c) Low energy use with gravity flow and natural processes.
5. Advantages: Eco-friendly, cost-effective, and low maintenance, with no harmful
byproducts.
6. Potential Enhancements:Biogas digesters, IoT monitoring, diverse plant species, and
rainwater harvesting.
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REFERENCES
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925857408002681#

:~:text=Constructed%20wetland%20systems%20have%20reported,N%20removal%20efficiency%20exceeds%2099%25

Vignan’s Foundation of Science, Technology and Research STP Documentation

https://bluedropwetlands.com/

https://bluedropwetlands.com/sewage-and-enfluent-treatment.php
WE WELCOME YOUR
QUESTIONS
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