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Cartesian Coordinate System: Axis Axis Origin Quadrants

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17 views18 pages

Cartesian Coordinate System: Axis Axis Origin Quadrants

Uploaded by

ER Narag Macariola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cartesian Coordinate System

A grid system based on a two-dimensional


plane with perpendicular axes:
• horizontal axis is the x-axis
• vertical axis is the y-axis
The axes intersect at the origin and divide
the plane into four quadrants

A point in the plane is defined as an ordered


pair, , such that is determined by its
horizontal distance from the origin and is
determined by its vertical distance from the
origin.
The Distance Formula

Derived from the Pythagorean Theorem,


the distance formula is used to find the
distance between two points in the plane.
Given endpoints () and , the distance
between them is given by:
The Midpoint Formula

When endpoints of a line segment


are known, we can find the point
midway between them. This point is
known as the midpoint and the
formula is the midpoint formula
Given the endpoints of a line
segment, () and , the midpoint
formula states how to find the
coordinates of the midpoint
Graphing a Linear Equation by Plotting
Points
1. Make a table with one column labeled , a
second column labeled with the equation,
and a third column listing the resulting
ordered pairs
2. Enter -values down the first column using
positive and negative values (selecting the -
values in numerical order will make graphing
simpler)
3. Select -values that will yield y-values with
little effort
4. Plot the ordered pairs
5. Connect the points if they form a line
Find the Intercepts for an Equation
1. Find the -intercept by setting and solving for
2. Find the -intercept by setting and solving for

Example: Find the intercepts of the equation

Solution:
Set to find the -intercept.
Set to find the -intercept. ;
The -intercept is at and the -intercept is at
The Slope of a Line

The slope of a line, , represents the change in over the


change in . Given two points, and , the following formula
determines the slope of a line containing these points:
The Point-Slope Formula

Given one point and the slope, the point-slope formula will lead to
the equation of a line:

Example: Write the equation of the line with slope and passing
through the point

Solution:
Standard Form of Line
Another way to represent the equation of a line is in standard
form:

where , , and are integers


Example: Find the standard form of the line with and passing
through the point
Solution: Start with the point-slope formula and rearrange
terms.
Vertical and Horizontal Lines

The equation of a vertical line is given as: , where is a constant

The slope of a vertical line is undefined, and regardless of the -value


of any point on the line, the -coordinate of the point will be .

The equation of a horizontal line is similarly given as:


The slope of a horizontal line is zero, and for any -value of a point on
the line, the -coordinate of the point will be .
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Parallel lines have the same slope and different y-intercepts. Lines
that are parallel to each other will never intersect.
Lines that are perpendicular intersect to form a 90° angle. The slope
of one line is the negative reciprocal of the other.
Writing Equations of Parallel Lines

Given the equation of a function and a point through which


its graph passes, write the equation of a line parallel to the
given line that passes through the given point

1. Find the slope of the function


2. Substitute the given values into either the general point-slope
equation or the slope-intercept equation for a line
3. Simplify
Writing Equations of Perpendicular Lines

Given the equation of a function and a point through which


its graph passes, write the equation of a line perpendicular
to the given line

1. Find the slope of the function


2. Determine the negative reciprocal of the slope
3. Substitute the new slope and the values for and from the
coordinate pair provided into
4. Solve for
5. Write the equation for the line
Writing Equations of Perpendicular Lines

Given two points on a line and a third point, write the


equation of the perpendicular line that passes through the
point

1. Determine the slope of the line passing through the points


2. Find the negative reciprocal of the slope
3. Use the slope-intercept form or point-slope form to write the
equation by substituting the known values
4. Simplify
Writing Equations of Perpendicular Lines

Given an equation for a line, write the equation of a line


parallel or perpendicular to it

1. Find the slope of the given line. The easiest way to do this is to
write the equation in slope-intercept form
2. Use the slope and the given point with the point-slope formula
3. Simplify the line to slope-intercept form and compare the
equation to the given line
Models and Applications of Linear Equations

To set up or model a linear equation to fit a real-world application,


we must first determine the known quantities and define the
unknown quantity as a variable.
Then, we begin to interpret the words as mathematical expressions
using mathematical symbols.

Example: Consider a car rental agency that charges $0.10/mi plus


a daily fee of $50. We can use these quantities to model an
equation that can be used to find the daily car rental cost .
Translate Verbal Expressions to Math
Operations
Verbal Expression Translation to Math Operations
One number exceeds another by
Twice a number
One number is a more than another number
One number is a less than twice another
number
The product of a number and , decreased
by
The quotient of a number and the number
plus is three times the number
The product of three times a number and
the number decreased by is
Develop a Problem-Solving Method

Given a real-world problem, model a linear equation to fit it

1. Identify known quantities


2. Assign a variable to represent the unknown quantity
3. If there is more than one unknown quantity, find a way to write
the second unknown in terms of the first
4. Write an equation interpreting the words as mathematical
operations
5. Solve the equation. Be sure the solution can be explained in
words, including the units of measure
Quick Review
• How is a point defined in the Cartesian coordinate system?
• How do you compute the distance between two points in a plane?
• What is the midpoint formula?
• How do you graph a linear equation by plotting points?
• How do you find the and -intercepts of a linear equation?
• What is the slope-intercept form for the equation of a line?
• What is the standard form for the equation of a line?
• What are the general equations for horizontal and vertical lines?
• How do you determine whether two lines are parallel, perpendicular, or
neither?
• How do you write an equation for a line that is parallel or perpendicular to
another line?
• What are the steps to model an application with linear equations?

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