03 - Prevention of Runway Incursion

PREVENTION OF RUNWAY INCURSIONS
1
DEFINITION
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines

a runway incursion as "any occurrence at an aerodrome
involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or
person on the protected area of a surface designated for
the landing and takeoff of aircraft."
2
CATEGORIES OF RUNWAY
INCURSIONS
• A serious incident in which a collision was
A narrowly avoided.
• An incident in which separation decreases and

B there is a significant potential for collision.
• An incident characterized by ample time and

C distance to avoid a collision.
• An incident that meets the definition of a runway
incursion but with no immediate safety
D consequences.
3
TRENDS IN RUNWAY INCURSION
BY FAA
4
Most Common Runway Incursion
Types
• Incorrect entry of an aircraft or vehicle onto the runway
protected area (without or contrary to ATC clearance or
due to incorrect ATC clearance)
• Incorrect presence of a vacating aircraft or vehicle onto
the runway protected area
• Incorrect runway crossing by an aircraft or vehicle
(without or contrary to ATC clearance or due to incorrect
ATC clearance)
• Incorrect spacing between successive arriving or arriving
and departing or departing and arriving aircraft
• Landing without ATC Clearance
• Take-off without ATC Clearance
Source: Runway Incursion Article from Skybrary
5
COMMON CAUSES
60 % Pilot deviations
Operational deviations through mistakes made

20 %
by ATC.
20 % Vehicle/ Pedestrian deviations
6
Contributory Factors
• Weather
• Aerodrome design
• Multiple simultaneous Line-ups
• Conditional clearance
• Simultaneous Use of Intersecting Runways
• Late Issue of or late changes to Departure Clearances
• Concurrent Use of More than One Language for ATC
communications
• Use of nonstandard phraseology
• English Language competence
• Workload
7
POSSIBLE RUNWAY INCURSION SCENARIOS
8
Technological Measures to
Prevent Runway Incursions
• Surface Movement Guidance and Control System
(SMGCS)
• Runway Entrance Lights (RELS)
• Take-off hold Lights (THL)
• Runway Intersection Lights(RIL)
• Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control

System (A-SMGCS)
9
10
ADDITIONAL MEASURES
• Clear signage and markings on runways and taxiways guide

pilots and ground crew.
• Regular training ensures pilots, controllers, and crew understand
proper procedures.
• Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) tracks ground
movement for air traffic control.
• Runway incursion mitigation (RIM) programs identify and
address runway incursion risks.
• Physical barriers like fences can prevent unauthorized runway
access.
• Crew resource management (CRM) training improves
communication and situational awareness in cockpits.
11
Future Trends in Runway
Incursion Prevention
• Incorporating data from interconnected devices and

sensors to enhance situational awareness.
• Using historical data and machine learning models to
predict potential safety hazards and optimize runway
operations.
• AI-Driven Decision Support
12
Case Study
Pan Am 1736 & KLM 4805
Tenerife Airport
13
14
LESSONS LEARNT
• Clear and Unambiguous Communication: Ensure all

communications between pilots and ATC are clear and
unambiguous to avoid misunderstandings.
• Situational Awareness: Maintain high situational
awareness, especially in complex or low-visibility conditions.
• Crew Resource Management (CRM): Practice effective
CRM with assertive communication and cross-checking
among crew members.
• Strict Adherence to Procedures: Follow established
procedures and protocols without deviation to ensure safety.
• Runway Incursion Prevention: Implement and adhere to
procedures to prevent runway incursions.
15
CONCLUSION
Finally, it is fair to say that runway incursions are like

nightmares of aviation and may end with devastating
results. On the other hand, if necessary, precautions are
taken they can be minimized by professionals and all
related staff in aviation.
16
QUESTION & ANSWER
17

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PREVENTION OF RUNWAY INCURSIONS

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines

• An incident in which separation decreases and

• An incident characterized by ample time and

Operational deviations through mistakes made

20 % Vehicle/ Pedestrian deviations

• Runway Entrance Lights (RELS)

• Take-off hold Lights (THL)

• Runway Intersection Lights(RIL)

• Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control

• Clear signage and markings on runways and taxiways guide

• Incorporating data from interconnected devices and

• Clear and Unambiguous Communication: Ensure all

Finally, it is fair to say that runway incursions are like

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