ELECTRIC ENGINEERING

Program: ENERGY Program

Course: Microprocessor-Based Automated Systems (ELE335)

4(2-2-3) Hrs.

Lecture: Lecture # 11

Assoc. Professor: R. A. Mahmoud Date: 15/ 5 / 2024

 By the end of this chapter
8- Digital Electrical Power/Energy Measurement:
In this chapter, you will be able to:
• Describe the main components for Electrical Power/Energy Measurement.
• Draw Connection Circuit Diagram for Electrical Power/Energy Measurement with the connected
power system.
• List the main applications for the digital Electrical Power/Energy Measurement.
• Design Algorithm, Hardware, and Connected Power System for Electrical Power/Energy
Measurement based on the microprocessor system using ATP/EMTP/MATLAB/LABVIEW
Programs.
• Simulation results for Electrical Power Measurement.

.
 The Main Components of the Power Measurement
• LABTOP+ ATP and MATLAB Software,
• Instrument Transformers (three phase VTs and three phase CTs),
• Power Grid, and
• The Algorithm of the Power Measurement.
(I) Computing the Active Power (P) using the three phase AC voltage and current signals,
(II) Computing the Reactive Power (Q) using the three phase AC voltage and current signals,
(III) Computing the Power Factor (PF) using the calculated Active Power (P) and the Reactive
Power (Q) ,

.
2. Proposed technique
2.1 Basic concept
2.1.1 Instantaneous power
The total average power (P(k)) is formulated as:

P ( k )  Pa ( k )  Pb ( k )  Pc ( k ) (1)

P ( k ) v a ( k ) ia ( k )  vb ( k ) ib ( k )  vc ( k ) ic ( k ) ( 2)

The total reactive power (Q(k)) is calculated as:

Q ( k ) Qa ( k )  Qb ( k )  Qc ( k ) (3)

1
Q(k )  [va ( k ) (ic ( k )  ib ( k ))  vb ( k ) (ia ( k )  ic ( k )) 
3

vc ( k ) (ib ( k )  ia ( k ))] ( 4)

The Power Factor (PF(k)) and Power Factor Angle (PFA(k)) can be calculated as:
Q(k )
PF ( k ) cos(tan  1 ( )) (5)
P(k )
180 Q(k )
PFA ( k )  (tan  1 ( )) (6)
 P(k )
2. Proposed technique
2.1 Basic concept
2.1.2 Electrical energy calculation (for Three phase system)

The total Active energy (Ep) is formulated as:

t T
1
Ep 
T  P (t ).dt
t 0

The total reactive energy (Eq) is formulated as:

t T
1
Eq 
T Q
t 0
(t ).dt

T is the total time selected for computing the total energy. It is considered hour, day, month, or year,
3. Simulated power system

Fig. 3 Single line diagram of the power system under study.

Table 2 Parameters data of the simulated power system.
Power system parameter Data
:Machine 1 (Sending source)
Rated Volt-ampere MVA 320
Rated line voltage kV 19.57
voltage phasor angle 210
Rated frequency Hz 50
Number of poles 2
Neutral grounding impedance (Rn) Ω 0.77

:Power Network (Receiving source)

Nominal line voltage 500kV
Voltage phasor angle 00
Nominal frequency Hz 50
Volt-ampere short circuit GVA ( is.c = 10 kA) 25
:Main Transformers
Rated Volt-ampere MVA 340
Transformation voltage ratio kV /500 kV 19.57
Connection primary/secondary Delta/Star earthed neutral
Primary winding impedance (Zp) j0.184 Ω + 0.0027
Secondary winding impedance (Zs) .j 61.8 Ω + 0.7708
Vector group YNd1
%Z 15%
Table 2 Parameters data of the simulated power system.
Power system parameter Data
:Transmission Lines (1&2)
Positive sequence R Ω /km 0.0217
Zero sequence R Ω /km 0.247
Positive sequence XL Ω /km 0.302
Zero sequence XL Ω /km 0.91
Positive sequence 1/Xc μƱ /km 3.96
Zero sequence 1/Xc μƱ /km 2.94
Transmission line long (Km) Km 200
:Aux. Load (load 1)
Electrical Load 1 j 6.72 Ω at line voltage 19.57 kV + 10.85

:Main Load (load 2)

Electrical Load 2 j 5.26 Ω at line voltage 500 kV + 8.5
:Current Transformer (CT)
CTR 12000/1
Rated burden VA 30
Class 5p20
Voltage Transformer (VT)
VTR 11kV/100V
Rated burden VA 35
Class 0.5
 Input quantities of the proposed protection algorithm
Quantity designation Quantity description Value

va(n), vb(n) and vc(n) The voltage measurements of a, b and c phases, respectively, at the instant n taken at the synchronous generator load They are measured online and
terminals, updated
ia(n), ib(n) and ic(n) The current measurements of a, b and c phases, respectively, at the instant n taken at the synchronous generator load
terminals,
Fc The fundamental cycle frequency for electrical signals 50 Hz
Tc The cycle time interval 20 milliseconds
Fsp The frequency rate of the digital system 5 kHz
Tsp The sampling time span 0.2 milliseconds
Nc The sample size per each one cycle, Nc = Tc / Tsp or Nc = Fsp / Fc 100 samples/cycle
Ns The sample size per each data set area, Ns = Nc 100 samples/data set

Tds The full display time 100 cycles

Table 3 Operating conditions during the fault time interval of each case study.
Case study Fault type Operating Fault location fault inception time, tf (in Sec) Fault resistance, Rf Current and Voltage CT burden, Rb
number power angle (δ1) and Ω Transformers Ratio (CTR and Ω
fault clearing time, tc Sec VTR)

Case 1 SLG (A-G) fault 21o fault inception time (tf) = 0.102
Case 2 21.5o Sec (at sample index of 510),
Case 3 22.5o F1 (located at and ,CTR= 12000/1
the fault clearing time (tc)= 0.0 and j0+0.5
primary side of
0.202 Sec (at sample index of
SUT) 1010) VTR= 11 kV/100 V
Table 4 Pre-fault values of electrical quantities, correlation coefficients and deduced factors obtained from the
simulation results
Case study 3 Case study 2 Case study 1 Parameter data
Out-of-step Critical synchronous operation Synchronous operation Generator status
δ1= 22.5o δ1= 21.5o δ1= 21o Operating power angles
δ 2 = 0o δ 2 = 0o δ2 = 0 o

1008.4 1008.7 1008.9 vsmax (V)

8939 8802 8708 ismax (A)
136.25 134.4 133.5 Psmax (MW)
193.6 191.3 190.17 P (MW)
94.4 91.51 90.1 Q (MVAR)
26o 25.6o 25.3o PF Angle (Deg)
0.8988 0.9018 0.9041 PF
 Simulation Results
Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
Case study 1: Normal and synchronous operation (δ1= 21o) 4.1

va(kV)
3-ph voltages(va,vb,and vc)

40
vb(kV)
vc(kV)
20

-20

-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 4(a) Three-phase primary voltage signals (va, vb and vc) at SG output
40
ia(kA)
3-ph currents(ia,ib,and ic)

ib(kA)
20 ic(kA)

-20

-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)
.Fig. 4(b) Three-phase primary current signals (ia, ib and ic) at SG output
Figs. 4(a-d) Generated electrical signals for case study 1 (synchronous operation).
Case study 1: Normal and synchronous operation (δ1= 21o) 4.1

300
3-ph A.powers(Pa,Pb,and Pc)

Pa(MW)
Pb(MW)
200
Pc(MW)

100

-100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 4(c) Three-phase primary average power signals (Pa, Pb and Pc) at SG output
600
3-ph R.powers(Qa,Qb,and Qc)

Qa(MVAR)
400 Qb(MVAR)
Qc(MVAR)
200

-200

-400
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 4(d) Three-phase primary reactive power signals (Qa, Qb and Qc) at SG output
Figs. 4(a-d) Generated electrical signals for case study 1 (synchronous operation).
Case study 1: Normal and synchronous operation (δ1= 21o) 4.1

300
Total active and reactive powers

P(MW)
Q(MVAR)
200

100

-100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 5(a) Total primary average and reactive power signals (P and Q) at SG output
60
PF angle(Deg)
40
Power factor angle

20

-20

-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)
.Fig. 5(b) Estimated power factor angle in the case of synchronous operation
Figs. 5(a-d) Total active and reactive powers, PF, FE and F for case study 1 (synchronous operation).
Case study 2: Critical synchronous operation (δ1= 21.5o) 4.2
3-ph voltages(va,vb,and vc)

40 va(kV)
vb(kV)
20 vc(kV)

-20

-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 8(a) Three-phase primary voltage signals (va, vb and vc) at SG output
40
3-ph currents(ia,ib,and ic)

ia(kA)
ib(kA)
20
ic(kA)

-20

-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)
.Fig. 8(b) Three-phase primary current signals (ia, ib and ic) at SG output
Figs. 8(a-d) Generated electrical signals for case study 2 (Critical synchronous operation).
Case study 2: Critical synchronous operation (δ1= 21.5o) 4.2

300
3-ph A.powers(Pa,Pb,and Pc)

Pa(MW)
Pb(MW)
200
Pc(MW)

100

-100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 8(c) Three-phase primary average power signals (Pa, Pb and Pc) at SG output
600
3-ph R.powers(Qa,Qb,and Qc)

Qa(MVAR)
400 Qb(MVAR)
Qc(MVAR)
200

-200

-400
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 8(d) Three-phase primary reactive power signals (Qa, Qb and Qc) at SG output
Figs. 8(a-d) Generated electrical signals for case study 2 (Critical synchronous operation).
Case study 2: Critical synchronous operation (δ1= 21.5o) 4.2

300
Total active and reactive powers

P(MW)
Q(MVAR)
200

100

-100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 9(a) Total primary average and reactive power signals (P and Q) at SG output
80
PF angle(Deg)
60
Power factor angle

40
20
0
-20
-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 9(b) Estimated power factor angle in the case of synchronous operation
Figs. 9(a-d) Total active and reactive powers, PF, FE and F for case study 2 (Critical synchronous operation).
Case study 3: Out-of-step condition (δ1= 22.5o) 4.3

40
va(kV)
3-ph voltages(va,vb,and vc)

vb(kV)
20 vc(kV)

-20

-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 12(a) Three-phase primary voltage signals (va, vb and vc) at SG output
40
ia(kA)
3-ph currents(ia,ib,and ic)

ib(kA)
20 ic(kA)

-20

-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 12(b) Three-phase primary current signals (ia, ib and ic) at SG output
Figs. 12(a-d) Generated electrical signals for case study 3 (out-of-step condition).
Case study 3: Out-of-step condition (δ1= 22.5o) 4.3

300
Pa(MW)
3-ph A.powers(Pa,Pb,and Pc)

200 Pb(MW)
Pc(MW)
100

-100

-200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 12(c) Three-phase primary average power signals (Pa, Pb and Pc) at SG output
600
3-ph R.powers(Qa,Qb,and Qc)

Qa(MVAR)
400 Qb(MVAR)
Qc(MVAR)
200

-200

-400
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 12(d) Three-phase primary reactive power signals (Qa, Qb and Qc) at SG output
Figs. 12(a-d) Generated electrical signals for case study 3 (out-of-step condition).
Case study 3: Out-of-step condition (δ1= 22.5o) 4.3

300
P(MW)
Total active and reactive powers

200 Q(MVAR)

100

-100

-200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)

.Fig. 13(a) Total primary average and reactive power signals (P and Q) at SG output
100
PF angle(Deg)

50
Power factor angle

-50

-100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Sample no.(k)
.Fig. 13(b) Estimated power factor angle in the case of asynchronous operation
Figs. 13(a-d) Total active and reactive powers, PF, FE and F for case study 3 (out-of-step condition).
Conclusions
The presented algorithm can be used to various functions such as:
● Active and reactive power (P & Q) measurement,
● Active and reactive energy (Ep & Eq) measurement,
● PF measurement,
● PF disturbance detector,
● Voltage and current disturbance detector, and
● Voltage and current unbalance detector,
Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
Algorithm
Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
%tmax=2 %sec
dt=0.0002; %sec
%S1=.02/0.0002=100 %sample per cycle
%tfault=0.102 sec=510 %sample
%tclear=0.202 sec=1010 %sample
%Nf=510 sample
%Nc=1010 sample
%Ns=100 sample

%Machine 1 (Sending source):

%Rated Volt-ampere= 320 MVA
%Rated line voltage= 19.57 kV
%voltage phasor angle= 10 deg
%Rated frequency= 50 Hz
%Number of poles= 2
%Neutral grounding impedance (Rn)= 0.77 Ohm
Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
%tmax=2 %sec
dt=0.0002; %sec
%S1=.02/0.0002=100 %sample per cycle
%tfault=0.102 sec=510 %sample
%tclear=0.202 sec=1010 %sample
%Nf=510 sample
%Nc=1010 sample
%Ns=100 sample
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
load('d:\so30.mat')
va=vX0002a;
vb=vX0002b;
vc=vX0002c;
ia=iX0019aX0002a;
ib=iX0019bX0002b;
ic=iX0019cX0002c;
isb=iXx0006Xx0010;
isa=iXx0007Xx0009;
isc=iXx0008Xx0011;
Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
ID=s1Id;
IQ=s1Iq;
IO=s1I0;
IF=s1If;
IKD=s1Ikd;
IG=s1Ig;
IKQ=s1Ikq;
IA=s1Ia;
IB=s1Ib;
IC=s1Ic;
EFD=s1Efd;
MFORCE=s1Mforce;
MANG=s1Mang;
TQGEN=s1Tq_gen;
ANG1=s1Ang_1;
VEL1=s1Vel_1;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% 1- calculation of the active power (Po)

for k=1:10000;
pa(k)=(va(k,1)*ia(k,1))/1000000; %MW
pb(k)=(vb(k,1)*ib(k,1))/1000000; %MW
pc(k)=(vc(k,1)*ic(k,1))/1000000; %MW
p(k)=(pa(k)+pb(k)+pc(k)); %MW
end
 Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
% 2- Draw the output active power po
figure(61);
plot(p,'k');
%title(' primary active power signal P');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('P(MW)');
grid on;
hold on;

figure(55);
plot(pa,'k');
%title(' primary active power signal Pa');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Pa(MW)');
grid on;
hold on;

figure(56);
plot(pb,'k');
%title(' primary active power signal Pb');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Pb(MW)');
grid on;
hold on;
Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
figure(57);
plot(pc,'k');
%title(' primary active power signal Pc');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Pc(MW)');
grid on;
hold on;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% 3- calculation of the reactive power (Qo)
for k=1:10000;
qa(k)=(va(k,1)*(ic(k,1)-ib(k,1))/sqrt(3))/(1000000); %MVAR
qb(k)=(vb(k,1)*(ia(k,1)-ic(k,1))/sqrt(3))/(1000000); %MVAR
qc(k)=(vc(k,1)*(ib(k,1)-ia(k,1))/sqrt(3))/(1000000); %MVAR
q(k)=(qa(k)+qb(k)+qc(k)); %MVAR
End
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% 4- calculation of the power factor (PF)
for k=1:10000;
PF(k)= cos(atan(q(k)/p(k))); %PF= power factor= cos(theta)
PFA(k)= (180/pi)*(atan(q(k)/p(k))); %PFA= power factor angle= theta
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
% 5- Draw the reactive power (Qo)
figure(63);
plot(q,'k');
%title('reactive power signal Q');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Q(MVAR)');
grid on;
hold on;

figure(550);
plot(qa,'k');
%title(' primary reactive power signal Qa');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Qa(MVAR)');
grid on;
hold on;

figure(560);
plot(qb,'k');
%title(' primary reactive power signal Qb');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Qb(MVAR)');
grid on;
hold on;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
figure(570);
plot(qc,'k');
%title(' primary reactive power signal Qc');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Qc(MVAR)');
grid on;
hold on;
figure(177770);
k = 1:1:10000;
plot(k,va,'-k',k,vb,'--k',k,vc,':r')
h = legend('va','vb','vc');
%title('va,vb,vc Three phase voltages');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Three phase voltages(va,vb and vc)');
grid on;
hold on;
figure(177771);
k = 1:1:10000;
plot(k,ia,'-k',k,ib,'--k',k,ic,':r')
h = legend('ia','ib','ic');
%title('ia,ib,ic Three phase currents');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Three phase currents(ia,ib and ic)');
grid on;
hold on;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
figure(177772);
k = 1:1:10000;
plot(k,pa,'-k',k,pb,'--k',k,pc,':r')
h = legend('Pa','Pb','Pc');
%title('pa,pb,pc Three phase Average powers');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Three phase Average powers(Pa,Pb and Pc)');
grid on;
hold on;
figure(177773);
k = 1:1:10000;
plot(k,qa,'-k',k,qb,'--k',k,qc,':r')
h = legend('Qa','Qb','Qc');
%title('Qa,Qb,Qc Three phase reactive powers');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Three phase reactive powers(Qa,Qb and Qc)');
grid on;
hold on;
figure(177774);
k = 1:1:10000;
plot(k,p,'-k',k,q,'--r')
h = legend('P','Q');
%title('P and Q Total average and reactive powers');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Total average and reactive powers(P and Q)');
grid on;
Numerical Electrical Power Measurement
figure(177775);
k = 1:1:10000;
plot(k,PF,'-k')
h = legend('PF');
%title('PF= Power factor');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('PF= Power factor');
grid on;
hold on;

figure(177776);
k = 1:1:10000;
plot(k,PFA,'-k')
h = legend('Power factor angle');
%title('PFA= Power factor angle');
xlabel('sample no.(k)');
ylabel('Power factor angle');
grid on;
hold on;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 By the end of this course
You will be able to:
• Design Algorithm, Hardware, and Connected Power System for the following applications (smart
devices) based on the microprocessor system using ATP/EMTP/MATLAB/LABVIEW Programs:
1- Digital estimator for Decay Time Constant (Tp= L/R ratio),
2- Digital Protective Relay (such as Digital Overcurrent Relay),
3- Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) for two AC sources,
4- Digital Automatic Synchronizer (SCR),
5- Digital Trip Circuit Supervision (TCS),
6- Disconnecting Switch (DS)/ Earthing Switch (ES) Control Circuits,
7- Digital Frequency/Power Meter,
8- Digital V/F Measurement,
9- Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR),
10- Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC), and
11- A microprocessor Automatic Door Opener.