Lesson 11:

Connect to the
internet

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v1.0
About this lesson
Lesson 11: Connect to the internet
● Android permissions
● Connect to, and use, network resources
● Connect to a web service
● Display images
● Summary

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Android permissions

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Permissions

● Protect the privacy of an Android user

● Declared with the <uses-permission> tag in the
AndroidManifest.xml

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Permissions granted to your
app
● Permissions can be granted during installation or
runtime, depending on protection level.
● Each permission has a protection level: normal,
signature, or dangerous.
● For permissions granted during runtime, prompt users
to explicitly grant or deny access to your app.

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Permission protection levels

Protection Granted when? Must Examples

Level prompt
before use?
Normal Install time No ACCESS_WIFI_STATE,
BLUETOOTH, VIBRATE,
INTERNET
Signature Install time No N/A

Dangerous Runtime Yes GET_ACCOUNTS,

CAMERA, CALL_PHONE

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Add permissions to the
manifest
In AndroidManifest.xml:
<manifest
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.sampleapp">
<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.USE_BIOMETRIC" />
<application>
<activity
android:name=".MainActivity" ... >
...
</activity>
</application>
</manifest> Android Development with Kotlin
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 Internet access permissions

In AndroidManifest.xml:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />

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Request dangerous permissions

● Prompt the user to grant the permission when they try

to access functionality that requires a dangerous
permission.
● Explain to the user why the permission is needed.
● Fall back gracefully if the user denies the permission
(app should still function).

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Prompt for dangerous
permission

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App permissions best practices

● Only use the permissions necessary for your app to

work.
● Pay attention to permissions required by libraries.
● Be transparent.
● Make system accesses explicit.

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Connect to, and use,
network resources

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Retrofit
● Networking library that turns your HTTP API into a Kotlin
and Java interface
● Enables processing of requests and responses into
objects for use by your apps
○ Provides base support for parsing common response
types, such as XML and JSON
○ Can be extended to support other response types

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Why use Retrofit?

● Builds on industry standard libraries, like OkHttp, that

provide:
○ HTTP/2 support
○ Connection pooling
○ Response caching and enhanced security
● Frees the developer from the scaffolding setup needed
to run a request

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Add Gradle dependencies

implementation "com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.9.0"
implementation "com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-
moshi:2.9.0"

implementation "com.squareup.moshi:moshi:$moshi_version"
implementation "com.squareup.moshi:moshi-kotlin:
$moshi_version"
kapt "com.squareup.moshi:moshi-kotlin-codegen:
$moshi_version"
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Connect to a web
service

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HTTP methods

● GET

● POST

● PUT

● DELETE

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Example web service API

URL DESCRIPTION METHO

D
example.com/posts Get a list of all GET
posts
example.com/posts/username Get a list of posts GET
by user
example.com/posts/search? Search posts GET
filter=queryterm using a filter
example.com/posts/new Create a new post POST

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Define a Retrofit service
interface SimpleService {
@GET("posts")
suspend fun listPosts(): List<Post>

@GET("posts/{userId}")
suspend fun listByUser(@Path("userId") userId:String):
List<Post>

@GET("posts/search") // becomes post/search?filter=query

suspend fun search(@Query("filter") search: String):
List<Post>

@POST("posts/new")
suspend fun create(@Body post : Post):ThisPost
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Create a Retrofit object for
network access
val retrofit = Retrofit.Builder()
.baseUrl("https://example.com")
.addConverterFactory(...)
.build()

val service = retrofit.create(SimpleService::class.java)

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End-to-end diagram

Retrofit
Service HTTP Request
App UI
Server
ViewMod HTTP
Web API
el Response
(JSON
Converter )

Moshi

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Converter.Factory

Helps convert from a response type into class objects

● JSON (Gson or Moshi)
● XML (Jackson, SimpleXML, JAXB)
● Protocol buffers
● Scalars (primitives, boxed, and Strings)

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Moshi

● JSON library for parsing JSON into objects and back

● Add Moshi library dependencies to your app’s Gradle file.
● Configure your Moshi builder to use with Retrofit.

List of
JSON
Post Moshi
response
objects

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Moshi JSON encoding

@JsonClass(generateAdapter = true)
data class Post (
val title: String,
val description: String,
val url: String,
val updated: String,
val thumbnail: String,
val closedCaptions: String?)

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JSON code

{
"title":"Android Jetpack: EmojiCompat",
"description":"Android Jetpack: EmojiCompat",
"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYGKUtM2ga8",
"updated":"2018-06-07T17:09:43+00:00",

"thumbnail":"https://i4.ytimg.com/vi/sYGKUtM2ga8/hqdefault.jpg
"
}

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Set up Retrofit and Moshi
private val moshi = Moshi.Builder()
.add(KotlinJsonAdapterFactory())
.build()
val retrofit = Retrofit.Builder()
.addConverterFactory(MoshiConverterFactory.create(moshi))
.baseUrl(BASE_URL)
.build()
object API {
val retrofitService : SimpleService by lazy {
retrofit.create(SimpleService::class.java)
}
}
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Use Retrofit with coroutines

Launch a new coroutine in the view model:

viewModelScope.launch {
Log.d("posts", API.retrofitService.searchPosts("query"))
}

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Display images

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Glide

● Third-party image-loading library in Android

● Focused on performance for smoother scrolling
● Supports images, video stills, and animated GIFs

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Add Gradle dependency

implementation "com.github.bumptech.glide:glide:
$glide_version"

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Load an image

Glide.with(fragment)
.load(url)
.into(imageView);

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Customize a request with
RequestOptions

● Apply a crop to an image

● Apply transitions
● Set options for placeholder image or error image
● Set caching policies

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RequestOptions example
@BindingAdapter("imageUrl")
fun bindImage(imgView: ImageView, imgUrl: String?) {
imgUrl?.let {
val imgUri =
imgUrl.toUri().buildUpon().scheme("https").build()

Glide.with(imgView)
.load(imgUri)
.apply(RequestOptions()
.placeholder(R.drawable.loading_animation)
.error(R.drawable.ic_broken_image))
.into(imgView)
}
} This work is licensed under the
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 Summary

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Summary
In Lesson 11, you learned how to:
● Declare permissions your app needs in
AndroidManifest.xml
● Use t
he three protection levels for permissions: normal, signature,
and dangerous (prompt the user at runtime for dangerous p
ermissions)
● Use the Retrofit library to make web service API calls from yo
ur app
● Use the Moshi library to parse JSON response into class objec
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ts Android Development with Kotlin Apache 2 license. 35
Learn More

● App permissions best practices

● Retrofit
● Moshi
● Glide

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Pathway

Practice what you’ve learned by

completing the pathway:
Lesson 11: Connect to the internet

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