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    Colligative Properties of Solutions 1

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    Colligative Properties of Solutions 1

    Uploaded by

    pulpulshaniagreence

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 42

    GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

    Colligative Properties
    Prepared by:
    Mr. Lester Jan Bato
    Ms. Anthea Leigh Illut
    Objective/s:
    At the end of the lesson, you should be able to :
    1.) define colligative property and describe the
    colligative properties of solutions.
    2.) differentiate the colligative properties of electrolyte
    and nonelectrolyte solutions.
    3.) solve problems related to the colligative properties of
    solutions.
    Colligative Properties

    • are properties that depend on the amount of


    dissolved solute and not on the kind or
    chemical nature of the solute.
    • Colligative means “ depending upon the
    collection”.
    Colligative Properties

    Four colligative poperties:


    1.vapor pressure lowering
    2.boiling point elevation
    3.freezing point depression
    4.osmotic pressure
    Recall:

    Solution can be classified as electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.

    An electrolyte solution contain solutes that dissociates into


    ions when dissolve and are able to conduct electricity.

    A nonelectrolyte solution contain solutes that do not


    dissociates into ions when dissolve and therefore do not
    conduct electricity.
    Vapor Pressure Lowering

    Vapor pressure
    is the pressure exerted by the vapor above the
    liquid. Solution also exert vapor pressure.
    Vapor pressure lowering
    is due to the presence of nonvolatile solute is
    summarized in Raoult's Law.
    Raoult's Law
    • Francois - Marie Raoult (1830-1901), a French
    chemist and physicist. He developed the
    Raoult's Law, which states that the vapor
    pressure of a solution, PA, is equal to the
    mole fraction of the solvent, XB, times the
    vapor pressure of the pure solvent,PAo.
    PA = XB PA o
    • the mole fraction of a solvent,XB, plus the mole fraction of a
    solute,XA, is always equal to 1, then
    XB = 1 - XA. Rewriting Raoult's Law, we have

    PA = (1 - XA) PAo
    Simplifying the equation,
    PA = PAo - XA PAo
    Rearranging terms,
    PAo - PA = XA PAo
    • the quantity of PAo - PA or P is the vapor pressure
    depression of the solution of a non volatile solute, so
    substituting P in the equation gives:

    P = X A P Ao
    Sample Problem:

    The vapor pressure of water (H2O) at 28oC is 28.3 mm Hg.


    Find the vapor pressure of a solution containing 100g of
    sugar , C12H22O11 in 500g of water (H2O) at 28oC.
    Solution:

    • Convert grams to moles.


    molar masses: C12H22O11 = 342.0 g/mol ; H2O = 18.0 g/mol

    ŋC12H22O11 = 100.0 g x 1 mol = 0.29 mol


    342.0 g

    ŋH2O = 500.0 g x 1 mol = 27.78 mol


    18.0 g
    Cont.

    • Solve for mole fraction of water.

    ŋH2O = XB = 27.78 mol = 0.99


    0.29 mol + 27.78 mol
    Cont.

    • Solve for the vapor pressure of the solution using Raoult's


    Law:
    Psol'n = XB PAo = XsolventPsolvent

    = (0.99)(28.3 mm Hg)
    = 28.02 mm Hg
    Cont.

    calculating the vapor pressure depression:

    P = PAo - Psol'n

    = 28.3 mm Hg – 28.02 mm Hg

    = 0.28 mm Hg
    Exercise:

    By how much is the vapor pressure of water lowered


    if
    2.00 grams of sucrose, C12H22O11, is added to 100 g
    of H2O at 20oC? (note: the vapor pressure of H2O at
    20oC is 17.5 mm Hg)
    Exercise
    What is the vapor pressure of a solution made by
    dissolving 225 grams of glucose in 385 ml of water
    at 30 oC? the molar mass of glucose is 180.2 g/mol.
    What is the vapor pressure lowering? the vapor
    pressure of pure water at 30 oC is 31.82 mm Hg.
    Assume that the density of the solution is 1.00 g/ml.
    Boiling Point Elevation
    • Recall:
    • Boiling point
    the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a
    liquid equals the atmospheric pressure.
    • The boiling point elevation of a solution, is directly
    proportional to the number of solute particles.
    • The boiling point of a solution with a non volatile
    solute is always greater than the boiling point of the
    pure solvent.
    In mathematical terms,

    T= Kbm
    where Kb is the molal boiling point elevation
    constant, and m is the molal concentration of the
    solution.
    Molal Boiling Point Elevation constant and Molal
    Freezing Point Depression constant
    solvent Normal kf (oC/m) Normal Kb (oC/m)
    Freezing Boiling Point
    Point (oC) (oC)
    Water 0 1.86 100.0 0.52

    Benzene 5.5 5.12 80.1 2.53

    Ethanol -117.3 1.99 78.4 1.22

    Acetic Acid 16.6 3.90 117.9 2.93

    Cyclohexan 6.6 20.00 80.7 2.79


    e
    Sample Problem:

    For a 0.262 m solution of sucrose,C12H22O11 in water, calculate the


    boiling point of the solution. (note: the boiling point of H2O is 100.0
    o
    C). Kb = 0.512 oC/m

    1. Calculate the boiling point elevation:


    Formula: ΔT= Kbm
    Given: Kb = 0.512 oC/m
    m = 0.262 m
    ΔT = 0.512 oC/m × 0.262m = 0.134oC
    Cont.

    2. Calculate the boiling point of the solution:

    Tb (sol'n) = normal boiling point + ΔTb


    Tb (sol'n) = 100.00 oC + 0.134oC

    = 100.134oC
    Freezing Point Depression

    • The freezing points of solutions are all lower


    than that of the pure solvent and is directly
    proportional to the molality of the solute.
    In mathematical terms, it is expressed as:

    Tf= -Kf m

    where Kf is the molal boiling point elevation


    constant, and m is the moal concentration of
    the solution.
    Sample Problem

    For a 0.262 m solution of sucrose,C12H22O11 in water, calculate the


    freezing point of the solution. (note: the freezing point of H 2O is
    0oC). Kf = 1.86 oC/m

    1. Calculate the freezing point elevation:


    Formula: ΔTf = -Kfm
    Given: Kf = 1.86
    m = 0.262 m
    ΔTf = -1.86 × 0.262 = - 0.48732oC
    Cont.

    2. Calculate the freezing point of the solution:

    Tf (sol'n) = normal freezing point + ΔTf


    Tf (sol'n) = 0.000 - 0.48732
    = -0.48732oC
    Sample Problem

    A solution is prepared by dissolving 2.40g of


    biphenyl,C12H10 (molar mass = 154 g/mol) in
    75 g of benzene. Find the (a) boiling point and
    (b) freezing point of the solution.
    Osmotic Pressure

    • Osmosis - is the
    movement of a solvent
    from one compartment
    to another through a
    semipermeable
    membrane, toward the
    higher concentration of
    solute.
    Osmosis

    • Isotonic - solutions have equal concentration


    of solute and solution with the same osmotic
    pressure.
    • Hypertonic solution - is a solution having
    higher osmotic pressure.
    • Hypotonic solution - is a solution having a
    lower osmotic pressure.
    Osmotic Pressure

    • It is the pressure required to prevent the


    movement of water or the pressure required
    to stop osmosis.

    • The osmotic pressure of the solution is


    proportional to the number solute particles in
    a given volume of solution or Molarity, M
    Osmotic Pressure

    • the osmotic pressure is similar to the ideal gas law:

    π V = ŋ RT (similar to PV = nRT)

    π = n of solute RT
    V of sol'n
    π = MRT
    Formula;

    π = MRT
    where π stands for osmotic pressure, expressed in atm.;
    M is the molar concentration of the solution; R is the
    universal gas constant (0.08206 L.atm/mol.K) ; and T is the
    absolute temperature.
    Sample Problem:

    What is the osmotic pressure of 2.0 g sucrose


    (C12H22O11) dissolved in 100 ml of water (H2O) at
    30oC?

    Solution:
    1. Solve for Molarity, M
    M = moles of Solute/ Liter of sol'n
    2.0 g x 1 mol = 0.0058 mol
    342 g

    100 ml x 1L = 0.1 L
    1000ml

    M = 0.0058 mol
    0.100 L
    M = 0.058 mol/L
    Formula: π = MRT

    π = (0.058 mol) (0.08206 L.atm)(303.15K)


    L mol.K

    π = 1.44 atm
    Exercise:

    The average osmotic pressure of blood at 25oC


    is 7.7atm. How many grams of glucose
    (C6H12O6) is needed to prepare a 110-L solution
    that is isotonic with blood at 25oC?
    Colligative properties of Electrolyte
    solutions
    To account for the effect of electrolytes on the
    changes in colligative properties , a quantity
    proposed by Dutch scientist Jacobus van't Hoff (1852-
    1911), called the van't Hoff factor, i, is defined:

    i = actual no. of particles in sol'n after


    dissociation
    number of formula units initially dissolved in
    sol'n
    Van't Hoff factor

    • Therefore, the van't Hoff factor should be 1 for all


    non electrolytes. For electrolytes, i is the number of
    particles (ions) that are formed upon dissociation.
    This means that i should be 2 for NaCl and KNO3
    and 3 for CaCl2 and Na2SO4.
    Na+1+ Cl-1 = 2
    Ca 2++ Cl-1 = 3
    Colligative properties of Electrolyte
    solutions

    • Boiling Point Elevation: ΔTb= iKbm


    • Freezing Point depression: ΔTf =
    iKfm
    • Osmotic Pressure: π = iMRT
    Sample Problem:

    What is the normal boiling point of seawater, which is about 3.5% (by
    mass) dissolved in solids? Note that almost all of the dissolved solids
    are NaCl. Kb of water is 0.52 oC/m

    3.5% by mass means 3.5 grams of solids per 100 grams of solution.
    • Calculating the moles of NaCl
    3.5 g x 1 mol = 0.0598 mol
    58.5g
    • Calculate the molality of NaCl:
    m = 0.0598 mol = 0.62m
    0.0965 kg
    • Use the boiling point elevation with van't hoff factor,i,
    which is equal to 2 since NaCl dissociates into two ions.
    ΔTb= iKbm
    ΔTb= (2)(0.52 oC/m)(0.62m)
    ΔTb= 0.64 oC
    Cont.

    Tb sol'n = Tb, solvent + ΔTb


    = 100oC + 0.64oC
    = 100.64 oC

    thus, seawater boils at 100.64oC


    References:

    • General Chemistry 2 Rex bookstore


    • Breaking Through General Chemistry C&E publishing
    • https://www.ausetute.com.au/freezing.html

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