COMPUTER NETWORK

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION

LAYER
Data Communication - Networks – Network Types
– Protocol Layering – TCP/IP Protocol suite –OSI
Model – Introduction to Sockets - Application
Layer protocols: HTTP – FTP – Email
protocols(SMTP - POP3 - IMAP - MIME) – DNS –
SNMP
 1.Data Communication
• Sharing information
• This sharing can be local or remote
• Data communications are the exchange of
data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable
• Communication system: 2 Parts- Hardware
(physical equipment) and Software
(programs).
 The effectiveness of a data communications
system depends on :
– Delivery: Deliver data to the correct destination.
– Accuracy: Data should not be altered
– Timeliness: Delivery should be on Time
– Jitter: Delay in delivery.
 Data Representation:
– Text: Bit pattern
– Number: Bit pattern
– Image: Bit pattern (Pixels)
– Audio: Sound or Music
– Video: Picture or Movie
 Components:
– Message: Information or Data
– Sender: Sends the data
– Receiver: Receives the data
– Transmission medium: Physical Path
– Protocol: Set of Rules and Conventions
Types of Transmission Mode

TRANSMISSION
MODE

UNIDIRECTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL

HALF-DUPLEX FULL-DUPLEX
SIMPLEX MODE
MODE MODE
 2. Networks
• Definition: “A network is a set of devices (often
referred to as nodes) connected by
communications links”
• Node: computer, printer, or any other device.(it
should be capable of sending/receveing data)
• Connecting Devices:
– Router: connects network to another network
– Switch: connects device together
– Modem: which change the form of data
 NETWORK CRITERIA
(to be efficient and effective)
1. PERFORMANCE:
– Performance Measurements
• Transmit time: amount of time the message travel.
• Response time: elapsed time between an inquiry and response.
– Performance Factors
• Number of users:
• Types of transmission medium: speed of time the data travel
• Capabilities of the connected hardware: High speed computer,
greater storage capacity
• Efficiency of software:
– Performance Evaluation
• Throughput: number of bits that can pass through a point in one
second
• Delay: delay in receiving data
2. RELIABILITY
– Frequency of failure:
– Recovery time of a network after a failure:
– Catastrophe: it is the events like fire, earthquake
or theft.

3. SECURITY
– Protecting data from unauthorized access
– Protecting data from damage and development
– Implementing policies and procedures to avoid
breaches and data losses
 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE
1. TYPES OF CONNECTION
– Point-to-Point connection
– Multipoint connection
2. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
– Peer-to-Peer: Device share the link equally.
– Primary-Secondary: One device control traffic
and other must transmit through it.
– Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring Topology.
 3. NETWORK TYPES
• Network Categorized based on
– Its Size
– Its ownership
– The distance it covers
– Its physical architecture

NETWORK

PAN LAN MAN WAN INTERNETWORKS

 PAN(Personal Area Network)
• Personal Area Network is a network arranged within
an individual person, typically within a range of 10
meters.
• Personal Area Network is used for connecting the
computer devices of personal use is known as
Personal Area Network.
• Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
• Personal computer devices that are used to develop
the personal area network are the laptop, mobile
phones, media player and play stations.
 LAN(Local Area Network)
• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected
to each other in a small area such as building, office.
• LAN is used for connecting two or more personal
computers through a communication medium such as
twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
• It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware
such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.
• The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate
(Speed: 100 or 1000 Mbps)
• It provides higher security.
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
• A metropolitan area network is a network that covers
a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different
LAN to form a larger network.
• Government agencies use MAN to connect to the
citizens and private industries.
• In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other
through a telephone exchange line.
• The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232,
Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
• It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
 WAN(Wide Area Network)
• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a
large geographical area such as states or countries.
• A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location,
but it spans over a large geographical area through a
telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of
Business, government, and education.
• Types of WAN
– Point–to-Point WAN
– Switched WAN
 Internetwork(Inter Connection of
Networks)
• An internetwork is defined
as two or more computer
network LANs or WAN or
computer network
segments are connected
using devices, and they are
configured by a local
addressing scheme. This
process is known
as internetworking or
Internet
• R - Routers
 SWITCHED NETWORK
• In large networks, there can be multiple paths
from sender to receiver. The switching technique
will decide the best route for data transmission.
• Switching technique is used to connect the
systems for making one-to-one communication.
• Two Types:
– Circuit-Switched Network
– Packet-Switched Network
 CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORK
• In the Circuit Switching Technique, once the connection is established then
the dedicated path will remain to exist until the connection is terminated.
• Communication through circuit switching has 3 phases:
– Circuit establishment
– Data transfer
– Circuit Disconnect
 PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORK
• The packet switching is a switching technique in which the message is
sent in one go, but it is divided into smaller pieces, and they are sent
individually.
• The message splits into smaller pieces known as packets. It have data and
header(Sender’s and Destination Address).
• Packets are sent from node to node. Each node will store the packet and
routed according to Header.
 PROTOCOL LAYERING
• Layered architecture in computer networks
refers to dividing a network’s functioning into
different layers, each responsible for a certain
communication component.
• The major goal of this layered architecture is
to separate the complex network
communication process into manageable,
smaller activities that can be better developed
 Features of Layered Architecture
• Layered architecture segments as larger and
unmanageable design into small sub tasks.
• In layer architecture every network has different number
of functions, layers and content.
• Use of Layered architecture in computer network
provides with the feature of modularity and distinct
interfaces.
• Layered architecture ensures independence between
layers, by offering services to higher layers from the
lower layers and without specifying how these services
are implemented.
 Elements of Layered Architecture
• Service: Service is defined as a set of functions and
tasks being provided by a lower layer to a higher
layer. Each layer performs a different type of task.
• Protocol: Protocol is defined as a set rule used by
the layer for exchanging and transmission of data
with its peer entities.
• Interface: Interface is defined as a channel that
allows to transmit the messages from one layer to
the another.
 Significance of Layered Architecture
• Divide and Conquer Approach
• Easy to Modify
• Modularity
• Easy to Test
• Scalability
• Security
• Efficiency
TCP/IP and OSI Protocol Suites
 TCP/IP Model
• Network Interface Layer: Handles the physical
transmission of data over a network.
• Internet Layer: Manages the routing of data
packets across the network.
• Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transmission
between devices.
• Application Layer: Provides protocols for specific
data communication services on a process-to-
process level.
 Network Access Layer
• A network layer is the combination of the Physical layer
and Data Link layer defined in the OSI reference model.
• This layer is responsible for generating the data and
requesting connections.
• The functions carried out by this layer are encapsulating
the IP datagram into frames transmitted by the network
and mapping of IP addresses into physical addresses.
• The protocols used by this layer are ethernet, token
ring, FDDI, X.25, frame relay.
 Internetwork or Network Layer
• The main responsibility of the internet layer is to
send the packets from any network, and they arrive
at the destination irrespective of the route they take.
• TCP/IP support IP(Internet Protocol):
• Transmission Mechanism Used.
• It is Unreliable and Connectionless protocol.
• It support data in packets called Datagrams.
• It provide best-effort delivery service, i.e. No Error
checking and Tracking
• IP in turn uses the following protocols:
– ARP: Address Resolution Protocol: it used to
Associate logical address with a Physical address.
– RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol:
allows a host to discover its Internet address when
it knows only its physical address.
– ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol: It is
used by Host and Gateways to send notification of
datagram problems back to the sender.
– IGMP: Internet Group Message Protocol: it is used
to send simultaneous transmission of messages to
a group of recipients.
 Transport Layer
• The transport layer is responsible for the reliability, flow
control, and correction of data which is being sent over the
network.
• The two protocols used in the transport layer are
– User Datagram Protocol (UDP): It add port address, checksum
error control and length information to the data from upper layer.
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Sender end->It divide the
data into smaller units(Segments)+ add sequence number->Then
transmit->Receiver end: receive segment arrange according to
sequence number.
– Stream Control Transmission Protocol(SCTP): It support newer
application like voice over the internet.
 Application Layer
• It is responsible for handling high-level protocols, issues
of representation.
• This layer allows the user to interact with the application.
• When one application layer protocol wants to
communicate with another application layer, it forwards
its data to the transport layer.
• The main protocols used in the application layer:
– HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol.
– SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol.
– SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol.
 OSI Model
• OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference
model that describes how information from
a software application in one computer moves through a
physical medium to the software application in another
computer
• Data flows through the OSI model in a step-by-step process:
– Application Layer: Applications create the data.
– Presentation Layer: Data is formatted and encrypted.
– Session Layer: Connections are established and managed.
– Transport Layer: Data is broken into segments for reliable delivery.
– Network Layer: Segments are packaged into packets and routed.
– Data Link Layer: Packets are framed and sent to the next device.
– Physical Layer: Frames are converted into bits and transmitted
physically.
Physical Layer
• The main functionality of the physical layer is to
transmit the individual bits from one node to
another node.
• Functions of a Physical layer:
– Line Configuration: It defines the way how two or
more devices can be connected physically.
– Data Transmission: It defines the transmission mode
whether it is simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex
mode between the two devices on the network.
– Topology: It defines the way how network devices
are arranged.
– Signals: It determines the type of the signal used for
transmitting the information.
Data Link Layer
• Functions of the Data-link layer
– Framing: The data link layer translates the physical's raw bit stream
into packets known as Frames. The Data link layer adds the header
and trailer to the frame. The header which is added to the frame
contains the hardware destination and source address.
– Physical Addressing: The Data link layer adds a header to the frame
that contains a destination address.
– Flow Control: It is the technique through which the constant data
rate is maintained on both the sides so that no data get corrupted.
– Error Control: Error control is achieved by adding a calculated value
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) that is placed to the Data link layer's
trailer which is added to the message frame before it is sent to the
physical layer. If any error seems to occur, then the receiver sends
the acknowledgment for the retransmission of the corrupted frames.
– Access Control: When two or more devices are connected to the
same communication channel, then the data link layer protocols are
used to determine which device has control over the link at a given
time.
Network Layer
• It determines the best path to move data from source
to the destination based on the network conditions,
the priority of service, and other factors.
• Functions of Network Layer:
– Internetworking: It provides a logical connection between
different devices.
– Addressing: A Network layer adds the source and
destination address to the header of the frame.
Addressing is used to identify the device on the internet.
– Routing: It determines the best optimal path out of the
multiple paths from source to the destination.
– Packetizing: A Network Layer receives the packets from
the upper layer and converts them into packets. This
process is known as Packetizing. It is achieved by internet
protocol (IP).
Transport Layer
• The Transport layer is a Layer 4 ensures that messages are
transmitted in the order in which they are sent and there is
no duplication of data.
• Functions of Transport Layer:
– Service-point addressing: The transport layer adds the header
that contains the address known as a service-point address or
port address.
– Segmentation and reassembly: When the transport layer receives
the message from the upper layer, it divides the message into
multiple segments, and each segment is assigned with a sequence
number that uniquely identifies each segment. When the
message has arrived at the destination, then the transport layer
reassembles the message based on their sequence numbers.
– Connection control: Transport layer provides two services
Connection-oriented service and connectionless service
– Flow control
– Error control
Session Layer
• The Session layer is used to establish, maintain and
synchronizes the interaction between
communicating devices.
• Functions of Session layer:
– Dialog control: Session layer acts as a dialog controller
that creates a dialog between two processes or we can
say that it allows the communication between two
processes which can be either half-duplex or full-duplex.
– Synchronization: Session layer adds some checkpoints
when transmitting the data in a sequence. If some error
occurs in the middle of the transmission of data, then
the transmission will take place again from the
checkpoint. This process is known as Synchronization
and recovery.
Presentation Layer
• This layer is a part of the operating system that
converts the data from one presentation format to
another format.
• The Presentation layer is also known as the syntax layer.
• Functions of Presentation layer:
– Translation: the presentation layer handles the
interoperability between the different encoding methods. It
converts the data from sender-dependent format into a
common format and changes the common format into
receiver-dependent format at the receiving end.
– Encryption: Encryption is needed to maintain privacy.
– Compression: Data compression is a process of compressing
the data, i.e., it reduces the number of bits to be
transmitted.
Application Layer
• An application layer serves as a window for users
and application processes to access network service.
• It handles issues such as network transparency,
resource allocation, etc.
• Functions of Application layer:
– File transfer, access, and management (FTAM): An
application layer allows a user to access the files in a
remote computer, to retrieve the files from a computer
and to manage the files in a remote computer.
– Mail services: An application layer provides the facility for
email forwarding and storage.
– Directory services: An application provides the
distributed database sources and is used to provide that
global information about various objects.