BIT 409 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Course Objectives

Introduction:
 WLAN technologies:
 Infrared,
 UHF (Ultra high freq)narrowband,
 spread spectrum
 Wireless communications standards
 WLAN technologies


 WLAN technologies

 Infrared,
UHF narrowband(ultra high freq),
spread spectrum
LAN technologies
WLAN technologies
 WLAN technologies
WLAN, that is Wireless LAN , is a wireless
local area network built by wireless technology.
WLAN in a broad sense refers to a network
formed by replacing part or all of the
transmission media in a wired LAN with
wireless signals such as radio waves, lasers and
infrared rays.
 WLAN technologies
Through WLAN technology, users can easily
access wireless network and move freely within
the area covered by wireless network, so that
they are free from the bondage of wired
network, as shown in Fig below
 WLAN technologies

 WLAN technologies

 Basic Service Set (BSS)
To address the limitations of wireless
networks, we have to establish a Basic
Service Set (BSS) and make the wireless
service area a closed group of mobile
devices that form around a fixed device.
So that if a device wants to participate, it
must first advertise its capabilities and
then be granted access.
Basic Service Set (BSS)
 WLAN technologies
The center of a BSS is called a Wireless
Access Point (WAP). The WAP functions in
infrastructure mode wherein it offers
services that are essential to establish
wireless networks.
A wireless router or access points are
installed to broadcast RF signals that mobile
devices can detect for them to be able to
connect to their network of choice.
 Infrared
Infrared radiation (IR), sometimes referred to simply
as infrared, is a region of the electromagnetic
radiation spectrum where the wavelengths range
from about 700 nanometers (nm) to 1 millimeter
(mm).


Infrared
 Infrared
 Infrared waves are longer wavelengh than visible light
waves but shorter than radio waves. Correspondingly,
the frequencies of IR are higher than microwave
frequencies but lower than visible light frequencies,
ranging from about 300 gigahertz to 400 terahertz
(THz).

 Infrared
Infrared light is invisible to the human eye,
but heat sensors can detect longer infrared
waves. Infrared shares some characteristics
with visible light, however. Like visible light,
infrared light can be focused, reflected and
polarized
 Infrared
Wavelength and frequency
Infrared is typically subdivided into
multiple spectral regions, or bands, based
on wavelength. However, there is no
uniform definition of each band's exact
boundaries.
 Infrared
Infrared is commonly separated into near-,
mid- and far-infrared. It can also divide into the
following five categories:
• Near-infrared.
• Short-wavelength infrared.
• Mid-infrared.
• Long-wavelength infrared.
• Infrared Wireless Networking

• Infrared has been around for a long

time; perhaps our first experience with
it was the TV remote.
• The commands entered onto the
remote control travel over an infrared
light wave to the receiver on the TV.
• Infrared Wireless Networking

• Infrared technology has progressed,

and today infrared development in
networking is managed by the Infrared
Data Association (IrDA).
• Infrared Wireless Networking

Infrared wireless networking uses infrared

beams to send data transmissions between
devices.
 It offers higher transmission rates,
reaching 10Mbps to 16Mbps.
• Infrared Wireless Networking

As expected, infrared light beams

cannot penetrate objects; therefore, the
signal is disrupted when something
blocks the light. Infrared can be either
a directed (line-of-sight) or diffuse
technology.
• Infrared Wireless Networking

Infrared provides a secure, low-cost,

convenient cable-replacement technology.
 It is well suited for many specific
applications and environments.
• Infrared Wireless Networking

 Some key infrared points are as follows:

• It provides adequate speeds—up to
16Mbps.
• Infrared devices use less power and
therefore don’t drain batteries as much.
• Infrared Wireless Networking
• Infrared is a secure medium. Infrared
signals typically are a direct-line
implementation in a short range and
therefore do not travel far outside the
immediate connection. This eliminates
the problem of eavesdropping or
signal tampering.
• Infrared Wireless Networking

• Infrared is a proven technology. Infrared

devices have been available for some
time and as such are a proven,
nonproprietary technology with an
established user and support base.
• Infrared Wireless Networking

• It has no radio frequency interference

issues or signal conflicts.
• It replaces cables for many devices, such
as keyboards, mice, and other peripherals.
• It uses a dispersed mode or a direct line-
of-sight transmission.
• Transmissions travel over short distances.
• Forms of Infrared Wireless Networking

A directed infrared system

diffuse infrared system
UHF(ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCE) narrowband

(VHF) VERY HIGH FREQUENCE

UHF narrowband
UHF narrowband
UHF narrowband
 UHF narrowband
A UHF Narrowband Technology, UHF wireless data
communication systems have been available since the
early 1980s.
➢ These systems normally transmit in the 430 to 470
MHz frequency range (rare systems use 800 MHz
range).
➢ The lower portion of this band: 430 to 450 MHz - It
is referred to as the unprotected (unlicensed) 450 to
470 MHz - It is referred to as the protected (licensed)
band
 ➢ In the unprotected band, RF licenses are not
granted for specific frequencies.
UHF narrowband
UHF narrowband
 UHF narrowband
➢ Because independent narrowband RF
systems cannot coexist on the same frequency,
government agencies allocate specific RFs to
users through RF site licenses.
➢ A limited amount of unlicensed spectrum is
also available in some countries.
➢ RF signal is sent in a very narrow bandwidth,
typically 12.5 kHz or 25 kHz.
 UHF narrowband
Power levels range from 1 to 2
watts for narrowband RF data
systems.
➢ This narrow bandwidth
combined with high power results
in larger transmission distances.
 UHF narrowband
advantages and disadvantages of
UHF technology.
spread spectrum
spread spectrum
spread spectrum
 spread spectrum
 In telecommunication, especially radio
communication, spread spectrum are
techniques by which a signal (e.g., an electrical,
electromagnetic, or acoustic) generated with a
particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the
frequency domain over a wider frequency band.
 spread spectrum
Spread Spectrum was originally
developed for military applications,
to provide secure communications
by spreading the signal over a large
frequency band..
 spread spectrum
 Figure 1 represents a narrow band signal in
the frequency domain. These narrowband
signals are easily jammed by any other
signal in the same band. Likewise, the
signal can also be intercepted since the
frequency band is fixed and narrow (i.e.
easy to detect).
 spread spectrum
 The idea behind spread spectrum is to use more
bandwidth than the original message while
maintaining the same signal power.
 A spread spectrum signal does not have a clearly
distinguishable peak in the spectrum. This makes
the signal more difficult to distinguish from noise
and therefore more difficult to jam or intercept
 spread spectrum
 Most WLANs use spread spectrum technology.
 A wideband radio frequency technique that uses the entire
allotted spectrum in a shared fashion.
 The spread spectrum system spreads the transmission
power over the entire usable spectrum.
 This is a less efficient use of the bandwidth than the
narrowband approach.
 The spread spectrum is designed to trade off bandwidth
efficiency for reliability, integrity, and security.
 spread spectrum
 Spread-spectrum techniques are used for
the establishment of secure communications,
increasing resistance to natural interference,
noise, and jamming, to prevent detection, to
limit power flux density (e.g., in satellite
downlinks), and to enable multiple-access
communications.
 spread spectrum(How it works)
 Spread spectrum uses wideband,
noise-like signals that are hard to
detect, intercept, or demodulate.
 Additionally, spread-spectrum
signals are harder to jam
(interfere with) than narrow band
signals.
 spread spectrum(How it works)
 These low probability of intercept (LPI)
and anti-jam (AJ) features are why the
military has used spread spectrum for so
many years.
Spread-spectrum signals are intentionally
made to be a much wider band than the
information they are carrying to make them
more noise-like.
 spread spectrum(How it works)

 spread spectrum
 The bandwidth trade-off produces a signal that is
easier to detect.
 ➢ If the receiver is not tuned to the right frequency, a
spread spectrum signal looks like background noise.
 ➢ By operating across a broad range of radio
frequencies, a spread spectrum device could
communicate clearly despite interference from other
devices
 most commonly used methods for the
spread spectrum technology.
Direct sequence (DSSS) and
frequency hopping (FHSS) are the
most commonly used methods for the
spread spectrum technology.
Although the basic idea is the same,
these two methods have many
distinctive characteristics that result
in complete different radio
performances.
 spread spectrum
 FHSS
 It uses a narrowband carrier
 It changes frequency in a pattern known to both
transmitter and receiver.
 Properly synchronized, the net effect is to maintain
a single logical channel.
 To an unintended receiver, FHSS appears to be a
short-duration impulse noise.
 spread spectrum
 ➢ DSSS
 It generates a redundant bit pattern for each bit to be
transmitted.
 This bit pattern is called a spreading code.
 The longer the code, the greater the probability that the
original data can be recovered (and, of course the more
bandwidth will be required).
 To an unintended receiver DSSS appears as low-power,
wideband noise and is rejected by most narrowband receivers