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Relative Density

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8 views26 pages

Relative Density

Uploaded by

washiashrar3264
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RELATIVE DENSITY TEST

Relative Density of
Purpose Sand
To determine the relative density of cohesionless, free-
draining soils using a vibrating table.

Significance
Relative density and percent compaction are commonly used
for evaluating the state of compactness of a given soil mass.
The engineering properties, such as shear strength,
compressibility, and permeability, of a given soil depend on
the level of compaction.

Standard References
ASTM D4253 & D4254
Relative Density
Equation
D (%)
r e max e measure x100
e m a x d e m in

emeasure
emi d emax
n
dma d measured d
x min
increasing
density
Review of Relative Density
Principles
•Relative Density principles apply to compaction of relatively
clean, coarse-grained soils.
•Relatively clean usually taken to be less than 15 % fines
•Compaction Tests are not commonly performed on soils with
15 % or fewer fines
•Small percentage of fines means soils cannot easily hold
water to examine range of water and effect on dry density
Compacting Clean
Sands
• Vibration most effective energy for sands
• Use smooth-wheeled vibratory roller
Minimum
IndexDensity
• Methods
• Method A—Using a funnel pouring device or a
hand scoop to place material in mold.
• Method B—Depositing material into a mold by
extracting a soil filled tube.
• Method C —Depositing material by inverting a
graduated cylinder.

Method A
 Free fall of soil particles from funnel

 Fall height = 0.5” or less

 Spiral motion in horizontal plane

 Steady flow of soil vertically


Minimum
IndexDensity
•Minimum index density of
clean sand is that resulting
from very loosely filling a steel
mold. ASTM Method
D4254
Minimum
IndexDensity
•Fill the mold with the soil
(approximately 0.5 inch to 1
inch above the top of the
mold) as loosely as possible by
pouring the soil using a scoop
or pouring device (funnel).
•Spiraling motion should be just
sufficient to minimize particle
segregation.
Minimum Index
Density

After filling the mold,


excess soil is
carefully screed off.
The volume
of this mold is 0.1
ft3. Knowing the
weight of soil in the
mold, the dry
density is easily
computed
Maximum Index
Density
• These test methods are applicable to soils that may contain up to
15%, by dry mass, of soil particles passing a No. 200 (75-μm) sieve,
provided they still have cohesionless , free-draining characteristics
• Maximum index density is not the absolute maximum density of the
soil. So, Dr = 100+ possible
• Example of Minimum dry density = 85.5 pcf
• Maximum index density of clean sand results from vibration at high
amplitude on vibratory table for 10 minutes.
• ASTM D4253
• Example of Maximum dry density = 111.5 pcf
Maximum Index
Density
• Surcharge = 2 psi = 13.8 kPa during vibration
• Thickness of surchage plate = 12.75 mm
• Height of sand after densification = 155 – 12.75 - s

155
m
m

152 After 10min


mm vibration
Maximum Index
Density
Maximum Index
Density
Weight on
sample
inside
sleeve

Vibratory
table
Maximum Index
Density
Weight on
sample
inside
sleeve

Vibratory
table
Maximum Index
Density
Sample
densified
by
vibration

Measure
 height
to
determi
ne new
Plate on which
weightsits d
during vibration
Field Density or InSitu
Density
 Direct Methods
 Sand cone method (ASTM D1556)
 Nuclear method (ASTM D2922, D5195, D6031)
 Drive-cylinder method (ASTM D2937)
 Sleeve method (ASTM D4564)
 Sand replacement method (ASTM D4914)
 Water replacement method (ASTM D5030)
 Time domain reflectometry (ASTM D6780)
 Indirect Methods
 DCP (ASTM D6951)
 SPT (ASTM D1586)
[Video
]
Calculatio
ns


  d ( field )   d (min)   d
Dr (%) (max)
   
 d (max)
(min)
 d  d ( field ) 100


d 10
R(%) 
( field ) 0
d (max)

note : e   G
w s

Void Ratio and Dry Density
Example
 The void Ratio is calculated for each state
of denseness of sample.
 Maximum void ratio occurs at minimum
index density - For Example Min.d = 96.0
pcf
 Minimum void ratio occurs at
maximum index density For
Example Maximum d =
110.0 pcf e    water  1
Gs
 dry
Minimum and Maximum
VoidRatios
• First Calculate void ratio at Minimum d

e m a x  G s   w a t e r  1  2 . 6 96.
5  62.4  1 
0.7225 
0
dry

e m i n  G s   w a t e r  1  2 . 6110.
5  62.4  1 
0.5033 
0
dry
Calculate Void Ratio of
CompactedSand
Now, assume that the density of this
sand was measured in a compacted fill
and it was 102.5 pcf. Calculate a
value for relative density of the fill.
First, calculate the void ratio of the
fill:

Gs  water 2.65  62.4


e 1  102. 1 
0.6133 dry 5
Compute Relative Density

•Now, use the values of void ratio in


the relative density equation:

R d ( % )  e m a x  e m ea s u red x 1 0 0

emax  emin

R d (%)  0 . 7 2 2 5  0 . 6 1 3 3 x100  49.9 


0. 7223  0.5033
%
Compute Relative Density
•Relative Density Equation
(rewritten in dry density terms)
•Solve for Example:
 d max d d
D r (%) 
min 100
 d  d
110.0102.5  96.0
Dr (%) max  100  49.8 

  110.0 d
102.5
%
96.0min 
According to the relative density values,
soil can be classified using the chart
given below:
DATA
SHEET
Name:
Student ID:
Soil Sample
: Date :
Location : Job No :
Sample No : Sample Depth :

Height of Mold : Diameter of :


Mold
: Performed by :
Volume of Mold

Loosest State
Loosest State
No. of Wt. of mold + Soil Wt. of mold Wt. of Soil Density Av. Density
Obsn. in lb in lb in lb in pcf in pcf

Densest State
Densest State
No. of Wt. of mold + Soil Wt. of mold Wt. of Soil Density Av. Density
Obsn. in lb in lb in lb in pcf in pcf

CALCULATIONS

RESULT

(Signature of the Course Teacher)


THANK
YOU

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