Personal Information

Prof. S Varadarajan
Dept. of ECE
Sri Venkateshwara University
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Lecture-1: Basic Concepts

Outline:

• What are the signals and Systems?

• Applications of Signals and Systems?

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Basic Concepts

What is a Signal?

A Signal is nothing but, A physical Quantity which carries some information with respect to one
or more independent variables

Examples:

• Radio Signal, TV Cable

• Audio Signal
• Electric Voltage or Current in A circuit

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Time Signals

Continuous time signals (analog signals):

for example, audio signals(FM signals), AC voltages and currents

An audio signal is a function of time

represented by a one-dimensional continuous-time
signal x(t)

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Time Signals

Discrete time signals (digital signals):

for example, digital image, daily temperature

A digital image is a function of pixel locations,

represented by a two-dimensional discrete-time
function x[m,n]

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Some Discussion

• Note that continuous time signals and discrete time signals can be converted to
each other.
• The above examples are “regular” signals, which can be characterized into
different categories:
1. One-dimensional/multi-dimensional
2. Continuous time/discrete-time
• Many newer types of signals due to big data, e.g. graph signals to model social
networks:

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Signals in Other domains

• A fundamental tool is that of transformations between different views of the same object.
• A salient example we will study in details is Fourier transform, where we decompose the
signal into a sum of sinusoid

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Signals in Different domains

Frequency Domain

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: What is the use of frequency domain?

• Reveals the fundamental characteristics of a signal/system.

• Many systems are easier to analyze from this perspective (Linear Systems).

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Signal Classifications

1D signal (e.g., voice, music): x(t)→x[n]

2D signal (e.g., images):x(s1,s2)→x[n1,n2]

3D signal (e.g., videos: 2D spatial + 1D time):
x(s1,s2,t)→x[n1,n2,n]

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: What is a system?

A system takes input signal and convert into a desired signal form

Example:
• Mobile Phone,
• Modem, Radio
• Receiver

A system is a set of (mathematical, computational)relationships between input and output

signals

Circuit
Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Artificial Intelligence

Identification of acts from Dogs

Caption Generation

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Signal Definition

Signals are represented mathematically as functions of one or more independent variables

(e.g.,f(t))

Examples:
speech signals, f(t);
digital images, f[s1,s2]

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Types of Signals

• Continuous-time (x(t)) Vs. discrete-time (x[n])

• One-dimensional Vs. multi-dimensional
• Deterministic v.s. random
• Even v.s. Odd
• Even: x(t) =x(−t),x[n] =x[−n].
• Odd: x(t) =−x(−t),x[n] =−x[−n].
• For odd signal: x(0) =0,x[0] =0
• Causal v.s. non-causal
• Causal: x(t) =0, fort<0;x[n] =0forn≤ −1.
• Anti-causal: x(t) =0, fort≥0;x[n] =0forn≥0.
• Non-causal: NOT causal
• Anti-causal implies non-causal but the reverse is not true

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Types of Signals

• Periodic Vs Aperiodic
• Periodic: x(t) =x(t+mT) for some finite T and m∈Z;
x[n] =x[n+mN] for some finite N and m∈Z;

• Aperiodic: NOT periodic.

• Fundamental period (T0): the smallest T or N.
• Fundamental frequency (f0): f0=1/T0; f0=1/N0.
• Some signals that are periodic in continuous-time are not periodic are aperiodic in discrete-
time.
e.g., cos(t) Vs cos(n)

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Energy and Power Signals

• Energy: Ex
Energy Signal: 0<Ex<∞

Example:

A periodic signal is not an energy signal.

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Energy and Power Signals

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Energy and Power Signals

Power signal: 0 < Px < ∞

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Basic Operations on Signals

Basic Operations on Signals

• Addition
• Amplitude scaling
• Multiplication
• Division
• Differentiation
• Integration

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Basic Operations on Signals

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Basic Operations on Signals

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Basic Operations on Signals

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Combinations of Operations

• Time shifting, scaling, and reversal can all be combined.

• Operation can be performed in any order, but care is required. (The operation should be on
the variable t)
• Example: x(2(t−1)); two options:
 apply shift first, then scaling;
x(t)→x(t−2)→x(2t−2)
 apply scaling first, then shift;
x(t)→x(2t)→x(2(t−1)

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Periodic Signals
 Very important in this class.
 Easy to analyze.
 “Approximate" practical signals.
 Practical finite length signals can be thought as a truncated (filtered)version of the
periodic signals.
 Practical finite length signals can also be obtained by letting T→ ∞.
 Periodic signals can be generated by periodic extension by any practical finite length
signals.
For Periodic Signals:

 x(t) =x(t+mT) for some finite T and m∈Z.

 x[n] =x[n+mN]for some finite N and m∈Z.
 Aperiodic: NOT periodic.
 Fundamental period (T0): the smallest T or N.
 Fundamental frequency (f0):
f0=1/T0; f0=1/N

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Compute T0 of continuous time signal

General approach to compute the fundamental period T0

of x(at)
Compute the fundamental period

General approach to compute the fundamental periodT0 of sum of

signals
.
• Find the fundamental period of each term in the sum.
• Find the Least Common Multiples (LCM) of every value.

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: How to compute LCM

Case 1: when all numbers are integers,

• Find the fundamental frequency of each term.

• Manipulate fundamental frequencies until all have common denominators and
then simplify until no more simplification can be made while keeping the
denominators the same.
• The common denominator is the fundamental period.

Case 2: when not all numbers are integers but rational,

• Compute the GCD of all numbers and take it out.

• Use the approach of Case 1
Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Compute N0 of Discrete time signal

General approach for compute the fundamental period N0 of x[an].

• Find fundamental period T0 of x(t), where x(t) is the continuous-time version of the
signal.
• Compute . If is rational, then the fundamental period , where is the minimum
positive integer such that N0 is an integer
The approach to compute the fundamental period for the sum of signals is the same as that in
the
continuous-time case.

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Unit Impulse Signal (continuous time)

Formally, Continuous-time Unit Impulse Signal (Dirac Delta

function)
δ(t) is defined by the property that

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Impulse Signal (continuous time)

Dirac’s delta function δ(t)is an idealization of a

signal that
• is very large near t=0
• is very small away from t=0
• has integral 1
• e.g. where is small

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Properties of δ(t)

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Properties of δ(t)

Multiplication of a function by an impulse

Sampling property:

Multiplying a function f(t)by an impulse at time T and integrating, extracts the value
of f(T).

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Properties of δ(t)

Properties of δ(t) Integration: let a<0 and b>0

The notations 0− and 0+ are used to denote whether we include the

impulse or not.
δ(t) is neither an energy nor power signal

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Impulse Signals (Discrete)

Formally, Discrete-time Unit Impulse Signal (Kronecker Delta function)

δ[n] is defined by the property that

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Properties of Impulse Signals (Discrete)

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Unit-Step Signals (Continuous time)

The unit step function u(t)is defined as

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Unit-Step Signals (Discrete time)

The unit step function u[n]is defined as

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Unit-Step Signals (For continuous & Discrete time)

• Power signal.
• Neither even nor odd
• Aperiodic.
• Causal

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Unit-Step Function

• The unit step can be used to create causal signals;

• The unit step can be used to extract part of another
signal;
• The unit step can be used to create other signals;

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Unit Rectangle

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Unit Ramp Signal

The unit ramp is defined as

The unit ramp is the integral of the unit step

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Relationship between Unit Impulse Signal and Unit Step
Function

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Definition of A system
A system is a set of (mathematical, computational) relationships between input and
output signals

• A system is a function mapping input signals into output signals.

• Use block diagrams to describe a connection of systems. Block diagrams are a symbolic way to
describe a connection of systems.
• We will concentrate on systems with one input and one output i.e. single-input, single-output
(SISO) systems.

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Examples

Scaling system: y(t) =ax(t)

• If |a|>1, an amplifier;
• If |a|<1, an attenuator;
• A is called the gain or scale factor.
• Sometimes denoted by triangle or circle in block diagram:

Differentiator:

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Examples

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: System Properties

• Continuous-time or discrete-time
• Memoryless or with Memory
• Causal or non-causal
• Bounded input or bounded output (BIBO) stable
• Linear or non-linear
• Time invariant or time varying

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Continuous or Discrete Time Systems

• Continuous-time: both input and output signals are continuous-

time.
• Discrete-time: both input and output signals are discrete-time

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Memory or Memoryless

• Memoryless: output depends on the current

input.
• With memory: output depends on the past or
future

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Causal or Non Causal

• Causal: output depends on current or past input and output

signals.
• Non-causal: output depends on the future input and output
signals.

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: BIBO stable

BIBO Stable Definition: Bounded Input Bounded Output (BIBO) stable. If the input is
bounded

then the output is always bounded:

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Linearity

Definition: Let x(t) =ax1(t) +bx2(t), where a,b are any constants. Then y(t)

=H{x(t)}=H{ax1(t) +bx2(t)}. If

y(t) =H{ax1(t) +bx2(t)}= aH{x1(t)} + bH{x2(t)},

then the system is linear.

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.
Lecture-1: Time Invariant or Time Varying

Definition:
Let y(t) =H{x(t)}, if y(t−τ) =H{x(t−τ)}, then
the system is time invariant.

Dr.S.Varadarajan,S.V.University,Tirupati,Andhra Poradesh,India.