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Week 6

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28 views27 pages

Week 6

Uploaded by

mohammad.fayiz.alrai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Statistics

Mean and Median


Mean: Average or mean value of a distribution
Median: Middle value of a sorted distribution

M = mean(A), M = median(A)
M = mean(A,dim), M = median(A,dim)

M = mean(A), M = median(A): Returns the mean or median value of vector A.


If A is a multidimensional mean/median returns an array of mean values.

Example:
A = [ 0 2 5 7 20] B = [1 2 3
336
468
4 7 7];
mean(A) = 6.8
mean(B) = 3.0000 4.5000 6.0000 (column-wise mean)
mean(B,2) = 2.0000 4.0000 6.0000 6.0000 (row-wise mean)
Mean and Median
Examples:

A = [ 0 2 5 7 20] B = [1 2 3
336
468
4 7 7];
Mean:
mean(A) = 6.8
mean(B) = 3.0 4.5 6.0 (column-wise mean)
mean(B,2) = 2.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 (row-wise mean)

Median:
median(A)= 5
median(B) = 3.5 4.5 6.5 (column-wise median)
median(B,2) = 2.0
3.0
6.0
7.0 (row-wise median)
Polynomials
Introduction
 Polynomials
x2+2x-7
x4+3x3-15x2-2x+9

 In MATLAB polynomials are created by row vector i.e.


s4+3s3-15s2-2s+9
>>p=[ 1 3 -15 -2 9];
3x3-9
>>q=[3 0 0 -9] %write the coefficients of every term

 Polynomial evaluation : polyval(c,s)


Exp: Evaluate the value of polynomial y=2s2+3s+4 at s=1, -3
>>y=[2 3 4];
>>s=1;
>>value=polyval(y, s)
>>value =
9
Polynomials Evaluation
 Similarly
>>s=-3;
>>value=polyval(y, s)
>>value =
13
OR

>>s=[1 -3];
>> value=polyval(y, s)
value =
9 13

OR
>> value=polyval(y,[1 -3])
Roots of Polynomials
Roots of polynomials: roots(p)
>>p=[1 3 2]; % p=s2+3s+2
>>r=roots(p)
r = -2
-1

Try this: find the roots of s4+3s3-15s2-2s+9=0


Polynomials mathematics
• Addition
>>a=[0 1 2 1]; %s2+2s+1
>>b=[1 0 1 5]; % s3+s+1
>>c=a+b %s3+s2+3s+6
• Subtraction
>>a=[3 0 0 2]; %s3+2
>>b=[0 0 1 7]; %s+7
>>c=b-a %-s3+s+5
c=
-3 0 1 5
Polynomials mathematics
• Multiplication : Multiplication is done by convolution operation .
Sytnax z= conv(x, y)
>>a=[1 2 ]; %s+2
>>b=[1 4 8 ]; % s2+4s+8
>>c=conv(a, b) % s3+6s2+16s+16
c=
1 6 16 16
Try this: find the product of (s+3),(s+6) & (s+2). Hint: two at a time

• Division : Division is done by deconvolution operation.


Syntax is [z, r]=deconv(x, y)
Where
x=divident vector y=divisor vector
z=Quotients vector r=remainders vector
Polynomials mathematics
>>a=[1 6 16 16]; %a=s3+6s2+16s+16
>>b=[1 4 8]; %b=s2+4s+8
>>[c, r]=deconv(a, b)
c=
1 2
r=
0 0 0 0

Try this: divide s2-1 by s+1


Formulation of Polynomials
• Making polynomial from given roots:
>>r=[-1 -2]; %Roots of polynomial are -1 & -2
>>p=poly(r); %p=s2+3s+2
p=
1 3 2

• Characteristic Polynomial/Equation of matrix ‘A”: =det(sI-A)


>>A=[0 1; 2 3];
>>p=poly(A) %p= determinant (sI-A)
p= %p=s2-3s-2
1 -3 -2
Polynomials Differentiation & Integration
Polynomial differentiation : syntax is
dydx=polyder(y)
>>y=[1 4 8 0 16]; %y=s4+4s3+8s2+16
>>dydx=polyder(y) %dydx=4s3+12s2+16s
dydx=
4 12 16 0
Polynomial integration : syntax is
x=polyint (y, k) %k=constant of integration
OR
x=polyint(y) %k=0
>>y=[4 12 16 1]; %y=4s3+12s2+16s+1
>>x=polyint(y,3) %x=s4+4s3+8s2+s+3
x=
1 4 8 1 3(this is k)
Polynomials Curve fitting
In case a set of points are known in terms of vectors x & y, then a
polynomial can be formed that fits the given points. Syntax is
c=polyfit(x, y, k) %k is degree of polynomial
Ex: Find a polynomial of degree 2 to fit the following data
X 0 1 2 4
Y 1 6 20 100
Sol:
>>x=[0 1 2 4];
>>y=[1 6 20 100];
>>c=polyfit(x, y, 2) %2nd degree polynomial
c=
7.3409 -4.8409 1.6818
>>c=polyfit(x, y, 3) %3rd degree polynomial
c=
1.0417 1.3750 2.5833 1.0000
Polynomials Curve fitting
Ex: Find a polynomial of degree 1 to fit the following data

Current 10 15 20 25 30
voltage 100 150 200 250 300

Sol:
>>current=[10 15 20 25 30];
>>voltage=[100 150 200 250 300];
>>resistance=polyfit(current, voltage, 1)
resistance=
10.0000 -0.0000

i.e. Voltage = 10x Current


Polynomials Evaluation with matrix arguments

Ex: Evaluate the matrix polynomial X2+X+2, given that the square matrix
X= 2 3
4 5

Sol:
>>A=[1 1 2]; %A= X2+X+2I
>>X=[2 3; 4 5];
>>Z=polyvalm(A,X) %poly+val(evaluate)+m(matix)
Z=
20 24
32 44
DIFFERENTIAL
• MATLAB provides the diff command for computing
symbolic derivatives. In its simplest form, you
• pass the function you want to differentiate to diff
command as an argument.
• For example, let us compute the derivative of the
function ft = 3t2 + 2t-2
• Example
• syms t
f = 3* t^2 + 2* t^(-2);
diff(f)
INTEGRATION
• MATLAB provides an int command for
calculating integral of an expression. To
derive an expression for the indefinite
integral of a function, we write − int(f);
• int(f)
• int(x, a, b)
Laplace Transform
• Laplace transform turns differential
equations into algebraic ones. To compute
a Laplace transform of a function ft, write −
• laplace(f(t))
• MATLAB allows us to compute the inverse
Laplace transform using the command
ilaplace.
• ilaplace(1/s^3)
Fourier Transforms
• Fourier transforms commonly transforms a
mathematical function of time, ft, into a
new function, sometimes denoted by or F,
whose argument is frequency with units of
cycles/s hertz or radians per second. The
new function is then known as the Fourier
transform and/or the frequency spectrum
of the function f.
Fourier Transforms
• syms x
f = exp(-2* x^2); %our function
ezplot(f,[-2,2]) % plot of our function
FT = fourier(f) % Fourier transform
Fourier Transforms
• MATLAB provides the ifourier command
for computing the inverse Fourier
transform of a function. For example,
• f = ifourier(-2* exp(-abs(w)))
Limits
• MATLAB provides the limit function for
calculating limits. In its most basic form, the limit
function takes expression as an argument and
finds the limit of the expression as the
independent variable goes to zero.
• For example, let us calculate the limit of a
function fx = (x3 + 5)/(x4 + 7), as x tends to zero.
• syms x
limit((x^3 + 5)/(x^4 + 7))
Limits
• For example, let us calculate limit of a function fx
= x − 3/x − 1, as x tends to 1.
• limit((x - 3)/(x-1),1)
Expanding and Collecting
Equations in MATLAB
• The expand and the collect function expands
and collects an equation respectively. The
following example demonstrates the concepts −
• When you work with many symbolic functions,
you should declare that your variables are
symbolic. Create a script file and type the
following code
Expanding and Collecting
Equations in MATLAB
• syms x %symbolic variable x
syms y %symbolic variable x
% expanding equations
expand((x-5)* (x+9))
expand((x+2)* (x-3)* (x-5)* (x+7))
expand(sin(2* x))
expand(cos(x+y))
% collecting equations
collect(x^3 * (x-7))
collect(x^4* (x-3)* (x-5))
Factorization and Simplification
of Algebraic Expressions
• The factor function factorizes an expression and
the simplify function simplifies an expression.
• The following example demonstrates the
concept
• syms x
syms y
factor(x^3 - y^3)
factor([x^2-y^2,x^3+y^3])
simplify((x^4-16)/(x^2-4))

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