CHEMIST

RYNMDCA
T
Lecture
#8
(Periods)
1. Period
2. Period trends in the modern periodic table w.r.t
Physical Properties
• Atomic radii,
• Ionic radii,
• Ionization potential,
• Electronegativity,
• Electropositivity or metallic character,
• Melting and boiling points
 2
1.
Periods
• The modern periodic law was proposed by Moseley.
• “This law states that “if elements are arranged in
increasing order of their atomic numbers, their
chemical properties repeat in a periodic manner”.
• It can also be stated as, the properties of elements
are periodic function of their atomic numbers.
 Q 3
:Identify the incorrect statement
about period of the modern
periodic
Options table: Period
A) It is horizontal row of elements from left to right in the
periodic table
B) It is related with number of shells involved in the
electronic configuration of an atom of the element
C) It is denoted by Roman numerals
D) Maximum number of periods in the modern periodic
table is 7

Explanation: (C) In fact, period is shown by

• Arabic numerals (1,2,3…).
 Striking points about
Shortestperiods:
period = 1 (contains 2 elements)
Short periods = 2 and 3 (contains 8 elements each)
Long period = 4 and 5 (contains 18 elements each)
Longest period = 6 (contain 32 elements each)

Q: Magnesium (Mg) is a metal while Chlorine

(Cl) is a non-metal, but even then they
A) Belong to the same period
both: C) Are oxidizing agent
B) Belong to the same group D) Are reducing agent
Explanation: (A) Both belong to the same period
• 12Mg (2,8,2) number of shells involved = 3 (period = 3)
• 17Cl (2,8,7) number of shells involved = 3 (period = 3)
Q: All of the following periodic
properties increase along a period EXCEPT:
A) Ionization energy C) Electronegativity
B) Atomic Size D) Electron affinity
Explanation: (B)
Atomic size decreases along the period due to the following
reasons:
• Increased nuclear charge
• Attraction between nuclear charge and valence electrons
increases
• Number of shells remains constant
KEY POINT ALONG THE PERIOD
Increase in a Nuclear Charge
Other properties which increase along a
period
* Oxidation state (+1 to +8)
* Polarizing power (Na+, Mg+2, Al+3)
* Covalent character (NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3)
* Oxidizing power Na (reducing agent) F2 (oxidizing
agent)
* Acidic character (Na2O, Cl2O7(chlorine heptaoxide)
A) Atomic radius C) Number of Shells (orbits)
Q:Melting
B) Which one remains same
Point along
D) Electrical a period?
Conductivity
Explanation: (C)
e.g. 3Li (2,1) = 2 shells, 4Be (2,2) = shells. It is clear that
number of shells (orbits) remain same along a period.
 2. Period trends in the modern periodic table w.r.t
Physical Properties (Periodic properties)
Periodic properties:
“Those properties which change with increasing atomic
number in a regular repeating manner are called periodic
properties. Periodicity of elements means repetition at regular
intervals”
Cause of periodicity of elements
Same valence shell electronic configuration e.g. the
elements of IIA group ...... ns2
Same valence shell electronic configuration e.g. the elements
of VIIA group ...... ns2 np5
 1
2
PERIODIC
PROPERTIES
• Atomic radius
• Ionic radius
• Ionization energy
• Electronegativity,
• Electrical conductivity
• Melting and Boiling
points
 1
• Atomic radius 3
It is the half(r n)
distance between the centres of two
bonded atoms of any element
It is the average distance between nucleus of the
atom and its outermost electronic shell. Its unit is
pm (1pm = 10-12m)
Q: Atomic size of an element depends on:
A) Number of inner shells only C) Both A and B
B) Nuclear charge only D) Neither A nor B
 Explanation: (C)
• With the increase of number of inner shells, atomic
size of an atom increases because nucleus hold
on the valence electrons decreases. e.g. in IIA
group size of Mg is greater than that of Be. This
happens in a group.
• With the increase of nuclear charge, size of atom
decreases e.g. size of Be is smaller than that Li.
This happens in a period.
Q: Keeping in view the size of atoms,
which order is correct?
A) N > C C) Ar > Cl
B) P > Si D) Li > Be
Explanation: (D)
The size of atom of an element decreases along the period
because nuclear charge increases.
e.g. Atomic size of Li = 152pm, Atomic size of Be = 112pm
Q: Following graph shows a physical property along
the period 3 elements. Which physical property is
shown in the graph:

A) Electron affinity C) Atomic radius

B) Non-metallic D) Melting point up to group
character IVA (C)
Explanation:
Atomic radius decreases along the period.
(Already
Explained)
 2
• Ionic 0

Cationic radius (r+)

radii Anionic radius (r-)
• With the loss of one or more electrons • With the gain of one or more electrons by
from neutral atom, it becomes positive neutral atom, it becomes negative ion.
ion.

• Then there is loss of the outermost shell • Then repulsion between electrons increases
• There is an imbalance protons-electrons • There is an imbalance protons-electrons
ratio i.e. number of protons > number of ratio i.e. number of electrons > number of
electrons protons

• Nucleus hold increases on the valence • Expansion in size takes place and thus
electrons and thus cationic radius anionic radius increases
decreases

• e.g. Na+ (102pm) < Na (157pm) • e.g. F- (133 pm) > F (72pm)
 Striking Information:
Decreasing order of size of isoelectronic species
• N-3 > O-2 > F- > Na+ > Mg+2 > Al+3
• P3- > S-2 > Cl- > K+ > Ca+2 > Sc+3
Q: Which one of the following will have the
A) Al+3
smallest radius? C) Mg+2
B) Si+4 D) Na+1
Explanation:
All are the iso-electronic species.
(B)
Greater is positive change, smaller is the size of ion.
• Na+1 > Mg+2 > Al+3 > Si+4
 3
• Ionization energy 5
i. It is (I.E)
• the minimum amount of energy
• to remove an electron from the outermost shell
• of its isolated gaseous atom in its ground state
ii. Ionization energy of an element is an index of metallic character

• Nuclear charge (I.E ∞ nuclear charge)

iii. Factors:

• Atomic size (I.E ∞

1
atomic
)
Shielding effect (I.E ∞
size 1
shielding
• )
• effect s >
Penetration of atomic orbital p>d>f
 Trends in the periodic
I.E increases along the period because nuclear
table:
charge
increases along the period
I.E decreases down the group because atomic size
and shielding effect increase down the group
Trends of ionization energy of elements along
period 2 and 3
 Explanation of Sketch shown
• Moreabove
stable electronic configuration of elements at the peak
• s sub-shell completely filled 4Be (1s2 2s2) I.E = 899kJmol-1
• p sub-shell half filled 7N (1s22s22p3) I.E = 1402kJmol-1
• p sub-shell is completely filled 10Ne (1s22s22p6) I.E = 2081kJmol-1

Conclusion:
The above sketch shows
Irregular trend of I.E along period 2
Confirms the evidence of existence of sub-shells
Most stable is the electronic configuration of an atom of element,
greater is the ionization energy
 4
0
Points to be
• remembered:
Be, Mg, N, P and noble gases have relatively higher values of ionization
energy due to their stable electronic configuration
• Alkali metals have the least and noble gases have the highest
ionization energies in the respective periods
• Helium (He) has the highest first ionization energy (2372kJmol-1) among all
the elements in the periodic table
• Caesium (Cs) has the least first ionization energy(376kJmol-1)
among all the elements (EXCEPT Fr which is radioactive)

energy ∆𝐢𝐇𝟑 > ∆𝐢𝐇𝟐 > ∆𝐢𝐇𝟏

• Successive ionization energies are always greater than the first ionization
 41
Some trends of increasing order of first
ionization
energy among the elements of
secondand third period are

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 𝟐: ∆𝒊 𝑯𝟏 : 𝐋𝐢 < 𝐁 < ∗ 𝐁𝐞 < 𝐂

given below:

< 𝐎 < ∗ 𝐍 < 𝐅 < ∗ 𝐍𝐞

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 𝟑: ∆𝒊𝑯𝟏: 𝐍𝐚 < 𝐀𝐥 <∗ 𝐌𝐠 <
A)Be, 𝐒𝐢 < 𝐒 <∗ 𝐏 < 𝐂𝐥C)Ne, <∗ 𝐀𝐫
B He
Q: In which of the followingD)Cl,
B)N, pair of elements, the
second element
Explanation:
O (C) He (2372kJmol
has greater-1) first
while
Br that of Ne
ionization is energy
(2080kJmol
than that) of first one?
-1
Q: Energy required to remove an electron
from the outermost shell of an isolated
gaseous atom in its ground state is:
A) Electron Affinity C) Crystal Energy
B) lattice Energy D) Ionization Energy
Explanation: (D) Ionization
energy
Q: Which of the following elements has
smaller 1st ionization energy:
A) Al C) S
B) Mg D) Cl
Explanation: (A) Al has comparatively smaller 1st
ionization
energyA)(kJmol
Al (577)-1). C) S (999)
B) Mg (738) D) Cl (1251)
 Q: A sudden large difference between the values of
second and third ionization energies of elements
would be associated with which of the following
A) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 configuration: C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2
electronic
B) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p2 D) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d1

Answer Explanation:
Successive ionization increases i.e. third I.E is greater than second
I.E and second
I.E is greater than first I.E. In case of electronic configuration 1s2, 2s2,
2p6, 3s2 after
the loss of first electron there is a sudden large difference between the
value of second and third ionization of the element because after the
loss of second electron the positive ion acquires noble gas configuration
such as Ne. So much more energy is required to remove the electron
from a cation having noble gas configuration.
This can be confirmed from the following
 Electronic configuration of Mg (1s2 2s2
3p6 3s2)
Mg g Mg +
g
e
ΔH1 = -1
.... i

+1 Mg+2 738kJmol
+ 1e  ΔH = -1
.... ii
Mg g g 2
1451kJmol
2+
 Mg+3 
Mg g  + 1e 
ΔH 3 = 7730kJmol ....iii
-1

+2
g2 2 6 
• Mg (1s 2s 2p ) stable configuration, much more
energy is required to move electron from p sub-
shell.
 • Electronegativity
(E.N)
* Trends Applications of E.N
Factors
Definition Maximum and minimum in the
affecting Nature of
E.N periodic E.N
E.N bond
table difference

• E.
𝑁𝖺
• It is the power F • Along • Zero or • Non-
of an atom to • It has maximum E.N (4.0) the less than polar
attract shared in the P.T Nucle period 0.5 covalent
pair of • It is the most reactive non- ar E.N bond

• E.
electrons metal charge increase
𝑁𝖺
towards itself • It (F2) is the strongest s • 0.5 – 1.6 • Polar
1
in a molecule oxidizing • Down covale
• e.g. δ +H – δ −Cl At size
• E. N 𝖺
agent the nt
• E.N 2.1 3.2 Cs group • Greate bond
• It has minimum E.N (0.7) O.S E.N r than • Ionic
in the P.T of decreas 1.7 bond
• It is the most element es
electropositive Note: Greater is the E.N • If two
element • Metalli
Period * Trends of the E.N in the periods of periodic table
2
6
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA

2 3Li Be
4 B
5 6C 7N 8O 9F Ne
10
E. Conf. (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6) (2,7) (2,8)

E.N 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0

3 11Na Mg
12 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Br
E. Conf. (2,8,1 (2,8,2) (2,8,3) (2,8,4) (2,8,5) (2,8,6) (2,8,7) (2,8,8)
)
E.N 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.2 0
STRIKING INFORMATIONS:
• All the metals have E.N less than 2
• With the increase of O.S of elements, E.N increases
• It has no unit
• E.N values can be used to estimate the polarity of
different bonds
Q: Which one of the following elements has greater electronegativity
A) N
value? C)
B) O D)
Br C
Answer Explanation: (B)
Oxygen has greater electronegativity value as shown in the tabular form.
Elements E.A (kJmol-1)
N 3.0
O 3.5
Br 2.8
C 2.5

Q: Which of the following is polar molecule?

A) CO2 C) BF3
B) SO3 D) NO
Answer Explanation : (D)
NO is a polar molecule because it has electronegativity difference
0.5 ( O = 3.5, N = 3.0).
Q: Which of the following periodic properties has no unit? 2
A) Ionization C) Atomic radius 8
energy D) Electronegativ
B) Electron ity
Electronegativity
affinity hasAnswer Explanation: (D)
no unit.
Q: Which of the following elements has greater electronegativity?
A) As C) Si
B) S D) P
Answer Explanation: (B)
Sulphur has greater electronegativity Electronegativity
on valence value.
electrons. is thealso
number of
depend
electronsGreater
greater is the valence
Elements E.A (kJmol-1)
s
electronegativity.
As 2.0
S 2.5
Si 1.8
P 2.1
 2
9

Q: Mark the incorrect statement about electronegativity

(E.N)?
A) The maximum E.N is that of F element in the periodic
table
B) The minimum E.N is that of Cs element in the periodic
table
C) It has no unit
D) It is the property of an element in the isolated form
Answer Explanation : (D)
It is the property of an element in the associated form (i.e. in the
molecular form.
 Q: Consider the following applications of electronegativity (E.N): 30
I. If the E.N difference between two bonded atoms is zero or
less than 0.5, then the bond is said to be non-polar covalent
bond
II. If the E.N difference between two bonded atoms is 1.7, then
III. the bond is said to be 50% covalent and 50% ionic bond
If the E.N difference between two bonded atoms is 1.6 or less
IV. Ifthan
the 0.5,
E.N then the bond
difference is said
between to bonded
two be polaratoms
covalent bond
is greater
than 1.7, then the bond is said to be ionic in nature
Which one of the above statements is incorrect?
A) I only C) II and IV
B) III only D) I, II, III and IV
Answer Explanation : (B)
It is incorrect statement. The correct statement is as follow.
• If the E.N difference between two bonded atoms is 1.6 or more than 0.5, then the
bond is said to be polar covalent bond
 • Electrical 3
1
OUTLINES: Conductivity
• Definition
• Cause of electrical conductance
• Classification of elements on the basis of
electrical conductance
• Definition:
• The capability of substance to conduct electricity without change in
composition is called electrical conductance. It is reciprocal of
resistivity.
• Cause of electrical
conductance:
• This property is mainly due to the presence of loose electrons (free or
mobile electrons) in the outermost shell of the elements.
• And have ease of movement of electrons in the solid lattice. i.e. these
electrons are free to move about from one part of the solid to the
other.
 Classification of elements on the basis of electrical 3
conductance (E.C) 2

Metals Metalloids Non-metals

• Metals are good • They are poor conductor of electricity • They are usually
conductor of • Their atomic conductance is less non-
electricity than 10-3 ohm-1 and greater than 10-5 conductor (insulator)
• They have ohm-1 • They have bound
free • Their E.C increases with the increase electrons in the
electrons in of valence shell
the valence temperature • Their atomic
shell • It is also considerably affected conductance usually
• Their atomic by the presence of impurity less than 10-10 ohm-1
conductance is • The lower elements of group IVA Sn
greater than 10-3 and Pb are fairly good conductor of
ohm-1 electricity.
• Their E.C • B, Si, Ge, As, Te, Sb, Po, At are
decreases with metalloids
the increase of
 Classification of elements on the basis of electrical 3
conductance (E.C) 3

Metal Non-
s metals

Allotrophic form of
Metals of IA and IIA Metals of IB group carbon
Carbon in the Carbon in the
group form of form of
E.C of metals in groups IA • Metal of IB group diamond graphite
and IIA generally increase • they are known as • Non-conductor • In the form of
from top to bottom in the coinage metal and because of all of its graphite, it is fairly
P.T. they have extra valence electrons are good conductor of
ordinary high value of usually tetrahedrally electricity because
E.C bound one of its four
electrons is
relatively free to
move
MCQ
Identify the correct statement about variation of
electrical conductivity in the periodic table:
A) Electrical conductivities of the elements of group IA and
IIA increase from top to the bottom in a group
B) The elements of group IB i.e., Cu, Ag, Au are called
coinage metals. They have higher values of
electrical conductance
C) The elements of group VIA and VIIA i.e., oxygen and
halogen family show very low electrical conductance
D) All of these
 • Melting points and boiling points

Meltingand boilingpoints of elements tellus

something about how strong the atoms or molecules in them
are bound together.
Q: Mark correct statement about melting points
and
A) boiling
Gradual points of elements
increase C) Firstinincrease
period 2:decrease
then
B) Gradual decrease D) First decrease then increase
 Answer
Melting points andExplanation:
boiling points of elements
(C) depend on number of
binding electrons.
• Upto IVA group number of binding electrons increase
• and thus elements of group IVA have highest melting and boiling
points. Carbon belongs to IVA group.
• Carbon has two allotropic forms i.e. diamond and graphite
• Melting point of diamond 3550oC
• Melting point of graphite 3700oC
• The elements of group VA, VIA and VIIA have low M.Ps melting
and B.Ps because these elements exist in the form of diatomic
molecules like N2, O2, F2 and Cl2 etc. There are least
intermolecular forces and so their M.Ps and B.Ps are very low.
So much so that they exist in the form of gases at room
temperature.
 Summa
• Upto IVA group number
ryof binding electrons increase
• IVA carbon, M.Ps (diamond 3550 C), (graphite 3700 C)
o o

• VA, VIA and VIIA

• Then Pairing of electron start diatomic molecules (N2, O2, F2)
• Have weak intermolecular forces
• Gases at room temperature (N2, O2, F2)
• Low M.Ps and B.Ps
Q: Melting points of group IIA elements are higher
than those of group IA because:
A) Atoms of IIA elements have smaller size
B) IIA elements are more reactive
C) Atoms of IIA elements provide two binding electrons
D) IA elements have smaller atomic radius
Explanation: (C) Atoms of IIA elements provide two binding
electrons.
Q: The following sketch shows the
melting point of eigh2t9
elements with consecutive atomic
numbers. Which element is silicon?

A) A C) C
B) B D) D
Explanation: (C) Option C is a silicon element.
 It belongs to group IVA  It is covalent solid
 It is macromolecule  Melting point =
1420oC
 Boiling points = 2380oC
 Q: Which of the following elements has
lowest melting point in IIA group?
A) Ca C) Ba
B) Sr D) Mg
Explanation:
Elements Mg Ca (D) Sr Ba
Hexagonal
closed Face centered Face centered cubic Body centered cubic
Geometry packing cubic structure structure structure
structure

Has large Has Has comparatively

empty comparatively tight packing of atoms Melting point of Ba is
spaces in tight packing of in the structure but comparatively greater
the atoms in the less than Ca because than that of Mg
structure structure of greater size
 Elements Mg Ca Sr Ba
Coordination
number 12 12 12 8

Melting points (oC) 649 839 768 727

Decreasing order of
melting point Ca > Sr > Ba > Mg
 3
4
Summa
ry
Elements Ca Sr Ba Mg
Decreasing order of
melting point Ca > Sr > Ba > Mg

Melting points (oC) 839 768 727 649

Geometry f.c.c. f.c.c. b.c.c. h.c.c.
Coordination
Number 12 12 8 12
 6
7

Not
e: FOR FURTHER MCQs SEE PRACTICE
BOOK WITH DETAILED
EXPLANATION
Thank
you!