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Finite Element Methods Reg 2024 Week 4

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5 views36 pages

Finite Element Methods Reg 2024 Week 4

Uploaded by

Reynard Lisan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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(Lecture Notes)

finite ELEMENt methods


(Metode Element hingga)

(MN234504 / 3 sks)

ACHMAD ZUBAYDI, TOTOK YULIANTO & TEGUH PUTRANTO

WEEK 4 (ODD SEMESTER)

DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE


FACULTY OF MARINE TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
2024
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUSS
EQUATIONS
Example:

E = 210 Gpa
A = 5.0 x104 m2

Element 1

2
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUSS
EQUATIONS
Element 2

Element 3

Boundary Conditions

3
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUSS
EQUATIONS
Displacement

The Stress in Elements 1 and 2 :

4
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUSS
EQUATIONS
Example:
The truss is composed of four nodes and three elements. A =
10x104 m2 and E=210 GPa for all the elements. A load of 20 kN
is applied at node 1 in the global x-direction. Nodes 2–4 are pin
supported and constrained from movement in the x, y, and z .

5
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUSS
EQUATIONS
Set up a table of direction cosines, where the local x’ axis is
taken from node 1 to 2, 1 to 3,1 to 4 for elements 1, 2, and 3.

6
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUSS
EQUATIONS
Boundary Conditions

Stiffness Matrix for each element

Total Stiffness Matrix

7
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUSS
EQUATIONS
Global Stiffness Equation

Displacements

Element Stress

Negative sign indicates a compressive stress in element 3


8
INCLINED, OR SKEWED, SUPPORTS

for the Plane Truss :

rewrite the Equation :

The Transformation :
9
Where :

The Transformation :
  

Therefore :

Example :
Element 1 :
10
Element 2 :

Element 3 :

11
The Global Stiffness Matrix :

The Matrix Transformation :

The First Step :

12
The Next Step :

Applying the Boundary Conditions :

Then

and
13
The Global Nodal Forces :

where :

Therefore :

14
Exercises:
For the plane trusses with inclined supports shown
in Figures a, b and c, solve for the nodal
displacements and element stresses in the bars. Let
A = 2 in2, E = 30 106 psi, and L= 30 in for each
truss.

a b c

15
SYMMETRY : correspondence in

a. Size
b. Shape
c. Position of Loads
d. Material Properties
e. Boundary Conditions
that are on opposite sides of a Dividing Line or
Plane
16
- The use of symmetry allows us to consider a
reduced problem instead of the actual problem.
- The order of the total stiffness matrix and total
set of stiffness equations can be reduced.
- Longhand solution time is then reduced.
- Computer solution time for large-scale
problems is substantially decreased
17
Simply Supported Symmetric Beam Structure

Simply Supported Anti-Symmetric Beam Structure


18
Simply Supported Symmetric Beam Structure Subject to an Asymmetric Load
19
Plate with hole under plane stress

Finite element model of one-quarter of the plate


20
Symmetry : Size, Shape, Position of Loads, Material
Properties and Boundary Conditions are
mirrored about a dividing line or plane
Example :

Axial Stiffness :

1, 2, 7, 8

3, 4, 5, 6

Setting : d2x = d3x = d4x = 0


21
Element 1 Element 2 Element 3

Element s 4 and 5

Half Areas  22
The Boundary Conditions
The Force-Displacement Equation

Solution by Partitioning the Matrix


or solve
Substituting the Equation :
or
or where
23
Applying the Technique Solution

or

Therefore and

Substituting the Results :


or

24
On Applying the Boundary Conditions

and

Solving the Equation :

Using Partitioning Matrix  Rearranging the Equation

25
The Governing Equation

The Boundary Conditions

The Global Beam Equation

Solving
or
26
Using Partitioning Matrix  Rearranging the Equation

Simplifying : and Obtaining :

Solving

27
SYMMETRY AND BANDWIDTH
Exercises :
For the truss shown in figures below, use symmetry to
determine the displacements of the nodes and the stresses
in each element.
a. All elements have E = 30 106 psi. Elements 1, 2, 4, and
5 have A =10 in2 and element 3 has A = 20 in2.
b. All elements of the structure in have the same AE
except element 1, which has an axial stiffness of 2AE.

a b
28
29
30
Banded Symmetric Matrices and Bandwidth
The coefficient matrix (stiffness matrix) for the linear equations
in structural analysis is always symmetric and banded

A matrix is banded  the nonzero terms of the matrix are


gathered about the main diagonal
Element 2 connects nodes 1 and 4.
The 2 x 2 submatrices 1-1, 1-4, 4-1,

and 4-4  nonzero coefficients.


The total stiffness matrix of the plane
truss, denotes non zero coefficients
with X’s
31
32
Banded Symmetric Matrices and Bandwidth
The nonzero terms are within the
some band.
Using a banded storage format, only
the main diagonal and the nonzero
upper codiagonals need be stored

The skyline
An Envelope begins with the first
nonzero coefficient in each column
of the stiffness matrix.
Only the coefficients between the main
diagonal and the skyline are stored.
33
Banded Symmetric Matrices and Bandwidth

The Semibandwidth (nb)

nb = nd(m + 1)

nd = The Number of Degrees of Freedom per Node


m = The Maximum Difference in Node Numbers determined
by Calculating the Difference in Node Numbers for Each
Element of a Finite Element Model.

Example for the Plane Truss,

m = 4 - 1 = 3 and nd = 2,  nb = 2(3 + 1) = 8.
34
The Execution Time (Primarily, Equation-Solving Time)
 A function of the number of equations to be solved
Without using Banded Storage of Global Stiffness Matrix K,
the Execution Time is Proportional to (1/3)n3.
n = the Number of Equations to be Solved.
Using Banded Storage of K,
The Execution Time is Proportional to n(nb)2.
The Ratio of Time of Execution without Banded Storage to
that using Banded Storage is (1/3)(n/nb)2.
For the Plane Truss Example, the Ratio (1/3)(24/8)2 = 3.
Therefore, it takes about Three Times as long to execute the
Solution of the Example Truss if Banded Storage is not used.
35
SYMMETRY AND BANDWIDTH
Exercises :
How to sequence node number of the system

Please give comment the sequnce number of the systems

36

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