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Research Data Analysis

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19 views23 pages

Research Data Analysis

Uploaded by

Gyesi Emmanuel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
– DATA
ANALYSIS

Bernard Yaw Sekyi Acquah (DED)


DASSE,UCC
DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
 A process of inspecting, cleaning,
transforming, and modelling data with the goal
of highlighting useful information, suggesting
conclusions, and supporting decision making.

 A process of putting relevant meanings to a set


of data.

 Data analysis could be quantitatively or


qualitatively done
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Quantitative Data Analysis
 Is basically the process of presenting and interpreting
numerical data.

 Statistics employed for quantitative data analysis could be


descriptive or inferential

Descriptive Statistics
 These describe what the data look like
 They include measures of central tendency (averages - mean,
median and mode) and measures of variability about the
average (range and standard deviation).
 These give the reader a 'picture' of the data collected and
used in the research project.
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

Inferential Statistics
 These are used to make inferences about large
populations by collecting data on relatively
small samples.
 They enable us to test hypothesis regarding
what is true for a large population .
 Examples include the t-test, Chi-square, ANOVA,
T-TEST, CORRELATION TEST, etc
DETERMINATION OF STATISTICAL
PROCEDURE

 Different statistics are appropriate for


different kinds of data, so the researcher must
ensure that the data:
 Involve continuous or discrete variables
 Represent nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio
scales
 Follow a normal or non – normal distribution
 Have been collected on a single group or two
or more groups
DETERMINATION OF STATISTICAL
PROCEDURE
 The researcher must also determine whether
parametric or non- parametric statistics will be used

 Parametric statistics are based on certain assumptions


about the nature of the population in question.

 For example:
1. The data are measured at either the interval or ratio
scale,
2. The data fall in a normal distribution,
3. Randomization in sampling (especially for
experimental)

 The most complex and powerful inferential statistics are


based on parametric statistics, e.g. T-TEST, ANOVA,
PEARSON’S CORRELATION, etc.
DETERMINATION OF STATISTICAL
PROCEDURE

 Non – parametric statistics , on the other hand,


are not based on such stringent assumptions.

 They are more appropriate for nominal and


ordinal data rather than interval data.
 When the assumptions underlying parametric
tests are violated then their non-parametric
alternatives are appropriate.

 Examples include: Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U


Test, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman’s Rank Order
Correlation, etc
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: Nominal
Level
 Mode
 Frequencies
 Correlation coefficients
 both nominal variables (phi coefficient).
 One nominal the other ordinal/interval/ratio
(point biserial)

 Chi – square
 One group (Chi - Square of independence)
 Two dependent group (chi square of Mcnemar)
 Two independent groups (chi – square of
homogeneity)
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: Ordinal
Level
 Median
 Frequencies
 Correlation coefficient
 Ifboth variables are ordinal (spearman rank order
correlation)
 One ordinal the other interval/ratio scale, the data
should be converted to ranks in order to compute
spearman’s rho
 Chi – square
 Nominal vrs ordinal
 One group (chi – square of independence)
 Two dependent groups (chi – square of Mcnemar)
 Two independent groups (chi – square of
homogeneity)
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: Ordinal
Level

 Tests of difference between distributions


 Two dependent groups (Wilcoxon matched pairs
signed rank test)
 Two independent samples (Mann – Whitney u
test)
 Three or more independent samples (Kruskal –
Wallis test)
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: Interval
Level
 Mean
 Frequencies
 Standard deviation
 Z – scores
 Pearson’s product moment correlation
(scatter diagram may be used)
 Chi – square
 One group (chi – square of independence)
 Two dependent groups (chi – square of Mcnemar)
 Two independent groups (chi – square of
homogeneity)
 Tests of difference between distributions (t –
test, Anova)
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: Interval
Level

 Tests of difference between distributions


 One group (t – test)
 Two independent samples (two independent
samples t -test)
 Three or more independent samples (F test or
Anova)
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: Ratio Level
 Mean
 Frequencies
 Standard deviation
 Z – scores
 Pearson’s product moment correlation
(scatter diagram may be used)
 Chi – square
 One group (chi – square of independence)
 Two dependent groups (chi – square of Mcnemar)
 Two independent groups (chi – square of
homogeneity)
 Tests of difference between distributions (t –
test, Anova)
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: Ratio Level

 Tests of difference between distributions


 One group (t – test)
 Two independent samples (two independent
samples t -test)
 Three or more independent samples (F test or
Anova)
QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS
 Qualitative data analysis is the process
of presenting and interpreting non-
numerical data.

 Some of the qualitative data analysis


techniques that can be used are:
 Content Analysis
 Narrative Analysis
 Discourse analysis
 Framework Analysis
 Grounded Theory
QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS

 Content Analysis
 process of categorizing verbal or behavioural data
to classify, summarize and tabulate the data

 Narrative Analysis
 the reformulation of stories presented by
respondents taking into account context of each
case and different experiences of each respondent

 Discourse analysis
A method of analysis of naturally occurring talk and
all types of written text
QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS
 Framework Analysis
 This is more advanced method that consists
of several stages such as familiarization,
identifying a thematic framework, coding,
charting, mapping and interpretation

 Grounded Theory
 starts with an analysis of a single case to
formulate a theory. Then, additional cases are
examined to see if they contribute to the
theory
QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS
Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis
1. Developing and Applying Codes - Coding is
categorization of data

Types of coding
 Open coding. The initial organization of raw
data to try to make sense of it.
 Axial coding. Interconnecting and linking the
categories of codes.
 Selective coding. Formulating the story
through connecting the categories.
QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS
Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis
2. Identifying themes, patterns and
relationships
 Word and phrase repetitions – scanning
primary data for words and phrases most
commonly used by respondents, as well as,
words and phrases used with unusual emotions;

 Primary and secondary data comparisons –


comparing the findings of interview/focus
group/observation/any other qualitative data
collection method with the findings of literature
review and discussing differences between
them;
QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS
Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis
2. Identifying themes, patterns and
relationships
 Search for missing information – discussions
about which aspects of the issue was not
mentioned by respondents, although you
expected them to be mentioned;

 Metaphors and analogues – comparing


primary research findings to phenomena from a
different area and discussing similarities and
differences.
QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS
Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis
3. Summarizing the data – linking research
findings to research aims and objectives
 use noteworthy quotations from the
transcript to highlight major themes
COMMON MYTHS IN DATA ANALYSIS

 Complex analysis and big words impress


people.
 Most people appreciate practical and understandable
analyses.
 Analysis comes at the end after all the data
are collected.
 Think about analysis upfront so that you can collect all
the data you need to analyze.
 Quantitative analysis is the most accurate
type of data analysis.
 Some think numbers are more accurate than words
but it is the quality of the analysis process that
matters.
COMMON MYTHS IN DATA ANALYSIS
 Data have their own meaning.
 Data must be interpreted. Numbers do not speak
for themselves.
 Stating limitations to the analysis weakens
the evaluation.
 Allanalyses have weaknesses; it is more honest and
responsible to acknowledge them.
 Computer analysis is always easier and
better.
 Itdepends upon the size of the data set and
personal competencies. For small sets of
information, hand tabulation may be more efficient.

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