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Classification of Protective Schemes

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284 views9 pages

Classification of Protective Schemes

Uploaded by

srinivas p
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Classification of Protective

Schemes
A protective scheme is used to protect an
equipment or a section of the line. It
includes one or more relays of the same or
different types
The following are the most common
protective schemes which are usually used
for the protection of a modern power
system.
(i) Overcurrent protection
(ii) Distance protection
(iii) Carrier-current protection
(iv) Differential protection
1. OvercurrentProtection
This scheme of protection is used for the
protection of distribution lines, large
motors, equipment, etc. It includes one or
more overcurrent relays. An overcurrent
relay operates when the current exceeds
its pick-up value.
2. DistanceProtection
Distance protection is used for the
protection of transmission or
subtransmission lines; usually 33 kV, 66 kV
and l32 kV lines. It includes a number of
distance relays of the same or different
types. A distance relay measures the
distance between the relay location and
the point of fault in terms of impedance,
reactance, etc.
The relay operates if the point of fault lies
within the protected section of the line.
There are various kinds of distance relays.
The important types are impedance,
reactance and mho type. An impedance
relay measure the line impedance between
the fault point and relay location; a
reactance relay measures reactance, and a
mho relay measures a component of
admittance.
3. Carrier-CurrentProtection
This scheme of protection is used for the
protection of EHV and UHV lines, gener-
ally 132 kV and above. A carrier signal in
the range of 50-500 kc/s is generated for
the purpose.A transmitter and receiver are
installed at each end of a transmission line
to be protected.
Information regarding the direction of the
fault current is transmitted from one end
of the line section to the other. Depending
on the information, relays placed at each
end trip if the fault lies within their
protected section. Relays do not
tripincaseofexternalfaults.Therelaysareofdi
stancetypeandtheirtrippingoperation is
controlled by the carrier signal.
4. DifferentialProtection
This scheme of protection is used for the
protection of generators, transformers,
motors of very large size, bus zones, etc.
CTs are placed on both sides of each
winding of a machine. The outputs of their
secondaries are applied to the relay coils.
The relay compares the current entering a
machine winding and leaving the same. Under
normal conditions or during any external fault,
the current entering the wind- ing is equal to
the current leaving the winding. But in the
case of an internal fault on the winding, these
are not equal. This difference in the current
actuates the relay. Thus, the relay operates for
internal faults and remains inoperative under
normal conditions or during external faults. In
case of bus zone protection, CTs are placed on
the both sides of the busbar.

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