Admas University college

DEPARTMENT of ICT
HARDWARE AND NETWORKING SERVICE LEVEL – I

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Unit one: Confirm Requirements of the client
Unit Two: Required peripherals
Unit Three: Connect hardware peripheral
Unit Four: Connect workstation to the internet

Unit one: Confirm Requirements of the client

Introduction to Computer
Identifying and confirming client peripherals
Documenting and verifying client requirements.
Ensuring vendor warranty and support services
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 Introduction to Computer
What is a computer?
 A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data.
 It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
 You may already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play
games, and browse the Web.
 You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.
purpose of a computer
 The computer was invented in order to automate mathematical calculations that were
previously completed by people.
 Charles Babbage is considered to be the “father” of the computer(1830).
 Computers do not have any one particular purpose. Instead, they are a tool that is meant to
serve human beings in any way that we can think of.
 For example, we can use computers as a means of communication.
 We11/22/2024
can use them to send email or for different internet services. 3
 Hardware and Software Computer Components
What is Computer Hardware?
 Several components in a computer working together are called hardware.
 It consists of mechanical devices such as a CPU, keyboard, mouse, speaker, monitor,
printer, hard disk, and so on.
 All these devices can be touched and felt.
 There are a lot of hardware devices available but we need to select the right device with the
correct specification to get the best performance results.
 All the devices vary in size, cost, and specification.
 We need to choose the compatible one. Hard ware devices are categorized in to
I. Input devices,
II. Output devices,
III. Storage devices and
IV. Internal components
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 What is Computer Soft Ware?
What is Computer Soft Ware?
 Computer software helps the computer to perform the task using programs.
 It is generally a language that a computer understands. Collection of instructions that enables a user to interact with the
computer
Types of software
Major types of computer software are:
1. System Software: Manages and controls hardware components and provides a platform for application software to run. Acts
as an intermediary between hardware and user applications.
Operating Systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux)
Utility Programs (e.g., Disk Cleanup, Antivirus)
Device Drivers (e.g., Printer drivers, Graphics drivers)
2. Application Software: Designed to help users perform specific tasks or applications.
Productivity Software: Includes word processors, spreadsheets, and presentation software (Microsoft PowerPoint, Google
Slides).
Graphics and Multimedia Software: Used for graphic design (Adobe Photoshop), video editing (Adobe Premiere), and
audio editing.
Database Management Systems (DBMS): Examples are Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL Server, which organize and
manage data.
Web Browsers: Software like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Edge for accessing and interacting with
websites.
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4. Network Software: Network Operating Systems (NOS): Facilitate communication and
resource sharing between computers on a network (e.g., Windows Server, Linux Server).
5. Utilities: Antivirus Software: Protects against viruses and malware (e.g., Avast, AVG).
• Backup Software: Facilitates the backup and recovery of data (e.g., Acronis, Backup
Exec).
• Disk Cleanup Tools: Optimize storage space and system performance (e.g., CCleaner).
6. Educational Software: Learning Management Systems (LMS): Facilitate online learning
and course management (e.g., Moodle, Canvas).
7. Entertainment Software: Video Games: Include various genres of computer and console
games.

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 Computer Classifications
Classification of Computers according to Size, Type and Purpose
 We see many Computers nearby, but they all are different from each other.
 There are different classes of computer technology available these days.
 The functionality and data processing of each type of computer is different.
 However, the methods or techniques, Size, capacity, characteristics, and data handling of
the data of each computer may be different too.
 We can classify the computers into the following 3 categories:
I. On the Basis of Size and Capacity, [Supercomputer, Mainframe, Mini, and Micro
Computer].
II. On the Basis of Purposes, [General and Special Purpose].
III. On the Basis of Hardware Design and Type [Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Computer].

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CON…

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 Identifying client peripherals requirements
Peripheral Devices
 Any device connected internally or externally to a computer system unit and
used in the transfer of data as well as processing information is considered as
peripheral devices.
 Any input, output or external storage device connected externally or
internally communicate with the computer's processors is termed as
peripherals.
 Examples are: monitor, keyboard, printer, disk, tape, graphics tablet, scanner,
joy stick, paddle or mouse etc.

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 Categories of Peripherals and Device Drivers
 Peripheral devices can be categorized in to three (3), Input device, Output devices and
Internal and external storage devices.
1. Input device - Are used to convert data or information into electronic machine-readable
form.
 Are used to input data, instruction, program in to the computer.
 The common input devices are keyboard, mouse, and scanner.
 Keyboard - The computer key board is used to input, or enter, letters, numbers, symbols,
punctuations and commands into the computer.
 The standard keyboard layout is sometimes called QWERTY layout and it is the most
common layout.

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2. Mouse
 Mouse is a hand-operated device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen.
 Mouse is a small object that can be rolled along a rough flat surface.
 can have as many as three buttons whose function depends on what program is running:
 Left-button: for left click.
 Right-button: for right click.
 Middle button: for scrolling purpose.

Right button

Left button
Middle button

 Most mouse are connected to the system unit by a cable or cord.

 There are also mouse that are not connected to system unit by a cable/cord.
 They are called cordless mouse (wireless mouse).
 They communicate with system unit using infrared light
 The most familiar type of mouse is Optical mouse and this kind of mouse utilizes light-emitting diodes (
LED) or laser as a method of tracking movement.
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 3. Scanner is a device that can scan or digitize images on paper and convert them to data that
the computer can use.
They can then be stored in a file, displayed on the screen, added to documents, or manipulated.
4. Imaging and Video input Devices
 Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the
computer.
 The information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending on the user's
requirement. Digital camera  3D scanner
 Webcam  Laser rangefinder
 Barcode reader  Fingerprint scanner

5. Audio device
 In the fashion of video devices, audio devices are used to either capture or create sound.
 In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture
produced sound.
 Microphone
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 Output Device
 An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to
communicate the results of data processing carried out by an
information processing system (such as a computer) to the outside world.
 In computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between an
information processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world.
 Inputs are the signals or data sent to the system, and outputs are the signals
or data sent by the system to the outside.
 Examples of output devices are:-

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1. Printer:-In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a text and/or
graphics of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media
such as paper or transparencies.

2. Speakers:- Computer speakers range widely in quality and in price.

 The computer speakers typically packaged with computer systems are small,
plastic, and have mediocre sound quality.
 Some computer speakers have equalization features such as bass and treble
controls.

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3. Headphones:- Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less commonly a single
speaker, held close to a user's ears and connected to a signal source such as an audio amplifier,
radio, CD player or portable media player.
4. Screen (Monitor):- A monitor or display (sometimes called a visual display unit) is an
electronic visual display for computers.
 The display device in modern monitors is typically a
thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors use a
cathode ray tube about as deep as the screen size.
 The first computer monitors used Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which was the dominant
technology until they were replaced by LCD monitors (Liquid Crystal Display) in the 21st
Century.

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
3. Storage devices
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components and recording media
that retain digital data.
 Data storage is one of the core functions and fundamental components of computers. There are 3 types of
storage devices:
1. Primary Storage – is also known as the main memory or a temporary storage device.
 It is fast in nature but can accommodate only few data.
 Data that has been stored in memory flushes off when you restart your computer, thus called temporary
storage device.
 It is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and
executes them as required.
 Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.

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2. Secondary Storage:- Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary
storage), differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU.
 The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and
transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage.
 Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered down it is non-
volatile.
 Examples of a secondary storage device are (Internal, external) Hard Drive, Flash Disk,
CD/DVD, Floppy disk, Memory card.
3. Tertiary Storage - Tertiary storage or tertiary memory provides a third level of storage.
 Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert)
and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage device according to the system's
demands; this data is often copied to secondary storage before use.

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 Connectivity devices
 The majority of external peripheral devices
connect to the back of the computer’s system unit
with cables and connectors.
 The computer’s system unit has a variety of ports
available for use by different peripheral device
cables.
 A port is a socket that is used to connect the
cables from peripheral devices to the computer or
the position to plug peripheral devices.
Ports
 A port is an interface on a computer through
which the device is communicate (send and
receive data).
 Personal computers have various types of ports.
 Personal computers have ports for connecting
Monitor/display, printer, mouse, keyboard,
scanner, Removable disks and other peripheral
devices. The types of ports are:-
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 There are several types of ports like serial port, parallel port, USB port, AGP port, power supply port and so
on.
A. Serial ports: is the oldest technology that is used to connect some types of mouse, keyboard, and other
peripherals.
As the name indicates, this port sends data serially that is one bit at a time. A serial port is also called male port
since it consists of protruding pins. Its transfer rate is close to 10KBS data.

B. Parallel Ports: are used primarily for connecting printers to your system. Because of this it is called LPT (line print) port.
It is also called female port since it consists of holes. Parallel ports generate speeds of 100KBS and reflect transfers
10 times faster than serial speeds.

C. USB (Universal Serial Bus): USB is a high performance-networking standard based on serial bus architecture.
 Most new computers and associated peripheral devices like printers and scanners support USB.
 USB ports are used to connect just about any type of peripheral devices speed enhancements have greatly
improved performance with USB 1.0 generating speeds at 14 MB/S and USB 2.0 attaining speeds of 480MB/S.
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D. VGA/ Video Graphics Array
 A Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector.
 The 15-pin VGA connector is found on many video cards, computer monitors, and
some television sets.
 On laptop computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port is sometimes used in place of
the full-sized VGA connector.

E. NIC Port / Network Interface Card

 Alternatively referred to as an Ethernet port, the LAN port is a port connection that allows a
computer to connect to a network using a wired connection.
 In the picture to the right, is a close up example of what a LAN port looks like for a network
cable using an RJ-45 connector.
 In the case of this example, the two led lights will blink when that port is active and
receiving activity.
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F. Power Supply
 A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads.
 It converts AC/alternate current to Dc/ Direct Current.

Device Drivers
 Is a particular form of software application that allows one hardware device (such as a
personal computer) to interact with another hardware device (such as a printer).
 A device driver may also be called a software driver.
 Is a software program that allows the hardware device to talk to the operating system and
create an interface between users and devices.
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 System Development Life Cycle
 The system development life cycle is a methodology that computer consultants often follow to help them
properly investigate the client’s information technology needs within the organization.
 The first three stages of the system development life cycle are:-
 Planning
 Analysing
 Designing
 Planning stage involves identifying the client’s current technology and taking into account any limitations.
During the planning phase it is necessary to find out information including:
 System specifications
 Connections available
 Budget constraints
 Available timeframe
 Availability of physical space for work activities

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 A feasibility study can be performed to provide a preliminary investigation report to the
client about benefits, costs and impact to the organisation.
 Additionally, a project request form allows a client to document their initial request.
 System specification is important to find out the specifications of the computer system you
are planning to connect the peripheral device to.
 Many newer types of peripheral devices require a specific amount of memory, CPU speed,
hard disk space, and may only be compatible with certain operating systems.
 You also need to be aware of the peripheral’s system requirements.
 The manual for the peripheral device as well as the manufacturer’s website will help you
determine the minimum system specifications.

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 Peripherals Requirement Considerations
 Desktop hardware, such as a desktop computer itself, is the most common type of IT
hardware purchased by a small business and/or organization.
 The cost of hardware depends on its specification, which in turn is determined by some key
components.
 The hardware requirements are the requirements of a hardware device. Most hardware only
has operating system requirements or compatibility.
 When you buy hardware component of computer system, you will need to decide what the
specification of these key components should be under taken.
 Among these the basic ones are as follows:-
A. Processor is the driver of the computer. Processors are usually differentiated by speed,
measured in gigahertz (GHz).
 The higher the GHz, the faster the computer will run.
 You should buy the fastest processor you can afford, but a 3 GHz processor will normally be
enough for most business functions.
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B. Memory is used by the processor to run programs.
 Generally, the more random access memory (RAM) you have, the better your computer will
run when using several programs at once.
 Your computer should have enough memory to make the most of the processor speed.
 For a 3 GHz processor, for example, you should have around 2-3 gigabytes (GB) of RAM.
C. Hard disk is used to store the data you create in your business, as well as the programs you
use.
 Its capacity is much greater than the RAM.
 An office computer with a 3 GHz processor should have at least 200 GB of hard disk space,
but if you intend to use a single desktop PC as the main storage location for all your business
data, you will need at least 500 GB.
D. DVD-R/RW or CD-R/RW drives:- Digital Versatile Disc Recordable/Rewritable and
Compact Disc Recordable/Rewritable) drives are optical disc drives used for reading and
writing data on DVDs and CDs
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 Software requirements
 Software Requirements deal with defining software resource requirements and pre-
requisites that need to be installed on a computer to provide optimal functioning of an
application.
 These requirements or pre-requisites are generally not included in the software installation
package and need to be installed separately before the software is installed.
Platform
 In computing, a platform describes some sort of framework, either in hardware or software
, which allows software to run.
 Typical platforms include a computer's architecture, operating system, or
programming languages and their run time libraries.
 Operating system is one of the first requirements mentioned when defining system
requirements (software).
 Software may not be compatible with different versions of same line of operating systems,
although some measure of backward compatibility is often maintained.
 For example, most software designed for Microsoft Windows XP does not run on
Microsoft
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 Web browser
 Most web applications and software depending heavily on Internet technologies make use of the default
browser installed on system.
 Microsoft Internet Explorer is a frequent choice of software running on Microsoft Windows, which makes
use of ActiveX controls, despite their vulnerabilities.
Other pre-requisite requirements
 Some software also has other requirements for proper performance.
 Internet connection (type and speed) and resolution of the display screen are notable examples.
 After you have determine your organization needs, you can now start documenting your hardware needs.
 One by one you can list down the hardware specs for your client. The list below will help you in documenting
your chosen hardware:-
 Processor
 RAM or Memory
 Hard Disk size
 Video Card
 LAN Card
 DVD drive
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 Sound Card
Example:- Windows 10 system requirements The minimum system requirements for Windows 10 are:
Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor or System on a Chip (SoC)
RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit
Hard disk space: 16 GB for 32-bit OS or 20 GB for 64-bit OS
Graphics card: Compatible with DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver
Display: 800x600
 One deciding factor to consider in buying computer peripherals is the warranty and after sales support service.
 A cheaper price would vary greatly on the performance, durability and warranty.
Budget constraints
 While planning the connection of hardware peripheral devices, it is important to be aware of the client’s available budget.
Factors including:_
I. The organisation’s size
II. The necessity of the peripheral device to the organisation
III. Number of people requiring the device, will all contribute to the organisation’s allocation of a budget.
 Costs will sometimes prohibit an organisation from proceeding with the purchase of equipment.
 Another cost to consider is ongoing maintenance.
 A laser printer, for example, may initially be more expensive to purchase than an inkjet printer.
 However
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when you consider that some inkjet cartridges can cost nearly as much as an inkjet printer, it may be more
 Available timeframe
 The time available to complete a task also needs to be considered when identifying client
requirements.
 If, for example, a peripheral device is needed urgently, it will be necessary to quickly find
out which suppliers can immediately provide the peripheral equipment.
Physical space restrictions
 Before considering acquiring any peripheral device, planning needs to be done to work out
where and how the peripheral will reside. The following questions need to be considered:
I. What physical space is available to accommodate the device?
II. Are power points in a near proximity if the device needs them?
III. If a peripheral does not have access to a suitable power source, problems may occur
including the overloading of power boards and power leads causing dangerous obstructions
to users of the equipment.
IV. Will the installation of the device mean other equipment needs to be relocated?
V. Could the device cause disruption or impact on the safety of users?
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 Documenting and Reporting Client Requirements
and Peripherals
Feasibility study
 A feasibility study can be carried out to show the client benefits, approximate costs of the new equipment and
the impact on the organisation when documenting and reporting client requirements needs.
 The aim of the feasibility study is to recognise the best solution under the circumstances by identifying the
effects of this solution on the organisation.
 After undertaking a feasibility study, it may be discovered that a simple solution is possible.
 Take the example of an organisation that would like to update their monitors so that they can have better
screen resolution.
 Changing the monitors’ internal settings could be a very simple solution to obtain an improved resolution.
 A feasibility study can also reveal that a client’s peripheral requirements are not achievable.
 The requirements may exceed budget, or the requested peripheral devices may not be compatible with the
current computer system.
 The results of a feasibility study can be determine whether or not an organisation proceeds with the purchase
and installation of the peripheral devices based on client needs and organizational guidelines and standards.

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 Client Request Form
 An initial request for hardware peripheral devices can be documented using a project
request form.
 This form documents information from both the client and the computer consultant in
order to document preliminary requirements.
 Typical information requested on a project request form includes:-
 Project title
 Date received
 Completion date
 Project number
 Description of problem
 Objectives
 Anticipated benefits
 Person requesting
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 Constraints.
 2. Analyzing
 In the analysis phase, the client’s requirements are investigated in more depth.
 It is important to try to gain as much information from the client as possible, in order to
obtain an accurate understanding of the situation.
 Detailed client requirements, such as:-
I. Specific features of the device required
II. The number of people who will need to use device
III. Support expectations
 Training requirements can all be obtained during this phase through, interviews,
questionnaires, checklists and observations are some methods that consultants use to gather
information.
 If a device is to be used by a large group of users, a questionnaire or checklist could be
constructed to find out what features are required by the majority of users.
 Interviewing users can provide a better way of finding out specific information.
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 3. Designing
 The design phase enables you to figure out an effective solution.
 All the information you have gathered via questionnaires, interviews, observations and during planning can
be assessed to determine the best way of satisfying client requirements.
 There will often be several peripheral devices that are capable of performing the job satisfactorily.
 An evaluation grid can be created to show the client each device’s functionality.
 Once client requirements have been clarified, all requests for hardware peripherals need to be documented
clearly in a concise form.
 An organisation will often have its own organizational standards (for example, report templates, guidelines)
to which you will need to adhere.
 The documentation will also need to be checked and confirmed by the client before a request for purchase in
sent to the preferred supplier.
Specifications Scanner 1 Scanner 2 Scanner 3
Price
Optical resolution (dpi)
Dimensions
Operating system
Software included
Comments
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 Verifying Client Requirements
Demonstrate client requirements in line with organizational standards
 All Service support providers must test and verify hardware peripherals, confirm client satisfaction and make
amendments as required for client, in line with procedures and guidelines to demonstrate client
requirements.
Ensure client support expectations
 When it comes to client support, your clients have certain expectations which they expect you to
meet consistently.
 They see you as a single point of contact for assistance in the utilization of the organization’s
computing resources, and to provide that assistance in a timely and professional manner.
 They expect you to provide:-
 Connectivity
 Hardware and software support
 Consultation and training
 General information and technology recommendations
 Web-accessible information etc.

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 Ensuring vendor warranty and support services
What is Warranty?
 A warranty is a guarantee provided by the manufacturer of a product.
 It assures you the things you buy are of good quality and don't contain manufacturing
defects.
 Warranties give consumers the right to ask the manufacturer to deal with any issues
according to their terms and conditions.
What is User Manual?
 A user manual is a document provided to a user that helps in using a particular system,
product or service seamlessly.
 It is also known as an instruction manual or a user guide.
 Such documents cover detailed information around operations, standards & guidelines,
troubleshooting guides, functionalities & more.

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 Why is a user's manual important?
 User-Manuals provide information on how to use a particular product.
 This should reach end users with intent to provide proper usage advice and reduce the risk of
bringing the product inoperable condition.
What does a user manual include?
 The User Manual contains all essential information for the user to make full use of the
information system.
 This manual includes a description of the system functions and capabilities, contingencies
and alternate modes of operation, and step-by-step procedures for system access and use.

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