Database Principles:

Fundamentals of Design,
Implementation, and
Management
Ninth Edition
Carlos Coronel, Steven Morris, and Peter Rob

Chapter 1
Introduction to Database Systems
In this chapter, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why
they are valuable assets for decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system
(DBMS)

Objectives 2

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 • Good decisions require good information derived from
raw facts
• Data is managed most efficiently when stored in a
database
• Databases evolved from computer file systems
• Understanding file system characteristics is important

Introduction 3

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 • Databases solve many of the problems encountered in
data management
• Used in almost all modern settings involving data
management:
• Business
• Research
• Administration
• Important to understand how databases work and interact
with other applications
Why Databases? 4

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 5

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 • Data are raw facts
• Raw data must be formatted for storage, processing, and
presentation
• Information is the result of processing raw data to reveal
meaning
• Information requires context to reveal meaning
• Data are the foundation of information, which is the
bedrock of knowledge

Data vs.
Information 6

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 • Data: building blocks of information
• Information produced by processing data
• Information used to reveal meaning in data
• Accurate, relevant, timely information is the key to
good decision making
• Good decision making is the key to organizational
survival

Data vs. Information

(cont’d.) 7

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 8

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• Database: shared, integrated computer structure that stores a
collection of:
• End-user data: raw facts of interest to end user
• Metadata: data about data
• Provides description of data characteristics and relationships in data
• Complements and expands value of data
• Database management system (DBMS): collection of
programs
Introducing
• Manages structure and controlsthe
access to data

Database 9

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 Database
Terminology 10

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 • DBMS is the intermediary between the
user and the database
• Database structure stored as file collection
• Can only access files through the DBMS
• DBMS enables data to be shared
• DBMS integrates many users’ views of the data

Role and
Advantages of the
DBMS 11

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 12

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 • Advantages of a DBMS:
• Improved data sharing
• Improved data security
• Better data integration
• Minimized data inconsistency
• Improved data access
• Improved decision making

Role and • Increased end-user productivity

Advantages of the
DBMS (cont’d.) 13

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 14

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• Databases can be classified according to:
• Number of users
• Database location(s)
• Expected type and extent of use
• Single-user database supports only one user at a time
• Desktop database: single-user; runs on PC
• Multiuser database supports multiple users at the same time

Types of
• Workgroup and enterprise databases

Databases 15

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 16

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 • Centralized database: data located at a single site
• Distributed database: data distributed across several different sites
• Operational database: supports a company’s day-to-day operations
• Transactional or production database
• Data warehouse: stores data used for tactical or strategic decisions

Types of Databases
(cont’d.) 17

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 • Unstructured data exist in their original state
• Structured data result from formatting
• Structure applied based on type of processing to be performed
• Semi-structured data have been processed to some extent
• Extensible Markup Language (XML) represents data elements in
textual format
• XML database supports semi-structured XML data

Types of Data
(cont'd.) 18

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 19

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 • Database design focuses on design of database structure
used for end-user data
• Designer must identify database’s expected use
• Well-designed database:
• Facilitates data management
• Generates accurate and valuable information
• Poorly designed database:
• Causes difficult-to-trace errors

Why Database
Design Is Important 20

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 File System Data
Processing 21

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 22

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 • File systems were an improvement over manual system
• File systems used for more than two decades
• Understanding the shortcomings of file systems aids in
development of modern databases
• Many problems not unique to file systems
• Even simple file system retrieval task required extensive
programming
• Ad hoc queries impossible
• Changing existing structure difficult

Problems with File System

Data Processing 23

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 • Security features difficult to program
• Often omitted in file system environments
• Summary of file system limitations:
• Requires extensive programming
• Cannot perform ad hoc queries
• System administration is complex and difficult
• Difficult to make changes to existing structures
• Security features are likely to be inadequate

Problems with File

System Data Processing
(cont'd.) 24

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 • Structural dependence: access to a file is dependent on its
own structure
• All file system programs must be modified to conform to a new
file structure
• Structural independence: change file structure without
affecting data access
• Data dependence: data access changes when data storage
characteristics change
• Data independence: data storage characteristics do not affect
Problems with File System:
data access

Structural and Data

Dependence 25

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 • Practical significance of data dependence is difference
between logical and physical format
• Logical data format: how human views the data
• Physical data format: how computer must work with data
• Each program must contain:
• Lines specifying opening of specific file type
• Record specification
• Field definitions
Problems with File System:
Structural and Data
Dependence 26

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• File system structure makes it difficult to combine data from
multiple sources
• Vulnerable to security breaches
• Organizational structure promotes storage of same data in
different locations
• Islands of information
• Data stored in different locations is unlikely to be updated
consistently
• Data redundancy: same data stored unnecessarily in
different places
Problems with File System: 27

Data Redundancy
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 • Data inconsistency: different and conflicting versions of
same data occur at different places
• Data anomalies: abnormalities when all changes in
redundant data are not made correctly
• Update anomalies
• Insertion anomalies

Problems with File

• Deletion anomalies

System : Data
Inconsistency (cont'd.) 28

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 • Most users lack the skill to properly design databases,
despite multiple personal productivity tools being
available
• Data-modeling skills are vital in the data design process
• Good data modeling facilitates communication between
the designer, user, and the developer

Problems with File System:

Lack of Design and Data-
Modeling Skills 29

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 • Database system consists of logically related data stored in a
single logical data repository
• May be physically distributed among multiple storage facilities
• DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems
• Current generation stores data structures, relationships
between structures, and access paths
• Also defines, stores, and manages all access paths and components

Database Systems 30

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 31

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Database system: defines and regulates the collection,
storage, management, use of data
• Five major parts of a database system:
• Hardware
• Software
• People
• Procedures
• Data

The Database
System Environment 32

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 33

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 34

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 • Hardware: all the system’s physical devices
• Software: three types of software required:
• Operating system software
• DBMS software
• Application programs and utility software

The Database
System Environment
(cont'd.) 35

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • People: all users of the database system
• System and database administrators
• Database designers
• Systems analysts and programmers
• End users
• Procedures: instructions and rules that govern the design
and use of the database system
• Data: the collection of facts stored in the database
The Database
System Environment
(cont'd.) 36

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Database systems are created and managed at different
levels of complexity
• Database solutions must be cost-effective as well as
tactically and strategically effective
• Database technology already in use affects selection of a
database system

The Database
System Environment
(cont'd.) 37

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Most functions are transparent to end users
• Can only be achieved through the DBMS
• Data dictionary management
• DBMS stores definitions of data elements and relationships
(metadata) in a data dictionary
• DBMS looks up required data component structures and
relationships
• Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary
• DBMS provides data abstraction and removes structural and
data dependency

DBMS Functions 38

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 39

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Data storage management
• DBMS creates and manages complex structures required for
data storage
• Also stores related data entry forms, screen definitions,
report definitions, etc.
• Performance tuning: activities that make the database
perform more efficiently
• DBMS stores the database in multiple physical data files
DBMS Functions
(cont'd.) 40

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 41

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Data transformation and presentation
• DBMS transforms data entered to conform to required data
structures
• DBMS transforms physically retrieved data to conform to
user’s logical expectations
• Security management
• DBMS creates a security system that enforces user security
and data privacy
• Security rules determine which users can access the
database, which items can be accessed, etc.

DBMS Functions
(cont'd.) 42

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Multiuser access control
• DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure concurrent
access does not affect integrity
• Backup and recovery management
• DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure data
safety and integrity
• Recovery management deals with recovery of database after
a failure
• Critical to preserving database’s integrity

DBMS Functions
(cont'd.) 43

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Data integrity management
• DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules
• Minimizes redundancy
• Maximizes consistency
• Data relationships stored in data dictionary used to enforce
data integrity
• Integrity is especially important in transaction-oriented
database systems

DBMS Functions
(cont'd.) 44

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Database access languages and application
programming interfaces
• DBMS provides access through a query language
• Query language is a nonprocedural language
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is the de facto query
language
• Standard supported by majority of DBMS vendors

DBMS Functions
(cont'd.) 45

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Database communication interfaces
• Current DBMSs accept end-user requests via multiple
different network environments
• Communications accomplished in several ways:
• End users generate answers to queries by filling in screen forms
through Web browser
• DBMS automatically publishes predefined reports on a Web site

DBMS Functions • DBMS connects to third-party systems to distribute information

via e-mail

(cont'd.) 46

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 47

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 • Database system provides a framework in which strict
procedures and standards enforced
• Role of human changes from programming to managing
organization’s resources
• Database system enables more sophisticated use of the
data
• Data structures created within the database and their
Managing the
relationships determine effectiveness

Database System: A
Shift in Focus 48

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Disadvantages of database systems:
• Increased costs
• Management complexity
• Maintaining currency
• Vendor dependence
Managing the
• Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

Database System: A
Shift in Focus
(cont'd.) 49

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Data are raw facts
• Information is the result of processing data to reveal its
meaning
• Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to
good decision making
• Data are usually stored in a database
• DBMS implements a database and manages its contents

Summary 50

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Metadata is data about data
• Database design defines the database structure
• Well-designed database facilitates data management and
generates valuable information
• Poorly designed database leads to bad decision making and
organizational failure
• Databases evolved from manual and computerized file
systems

Summary (cont'd.) 51

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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• In a file system, data stored in independent files
• Each requires its own management program
• Some limitations of file system data management:
• Requires extensive programming
• System administration is complex and difficult
• Changing existing structures is difficult
• Security features are likely inadequate
• Independent files tend to contain redundant data
• Structural and data dependency problems

Summary (cont'd.) 52

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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 • Database management systems were developed to
address file system’s inherent weaknesses
• DBMS present database to end user as single repository
• Promotes data sharing
• Eliminates islands of information
• DBMS enforces data integrity, eliminates redundancy,
and promotes security

Summary (cont'd.) 53

Database Systems, 9th Edition

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