Module 5

Module 5
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Refrigeration
• Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a space,
substance, or system to lower its temperature and maintain it
below the surrounding temperature.
• Cooling effect is achieved by transferring heat to another medium,
often using a cycle or system that involves the absorption,
compression, and evaporation of a refrigerant.
Importance and Applications
• Food Preservation: The role of refrigeration in extending the shelf life
of perishable goods and enabling global food distribution.
• Medical Applications: Importance in storing medicines, vaccines, and
organs.
• Industrial Processes: From cooling in power plants to chemical
industries where precise temperature control is critical.
• Comfort and Safety: The importance of air conditioning in providing
comfort in extreme climates and maintaining healthy indoor
environments.
Reversed Carnot Cycle
• Reversing the Carnot cycle does reverse the directions of heat and
work interactions.
• A refrigerator or heat pump that operates on the reversed Carnot cycle
is called a Carnot refrigerator or a Carnot heat pump.
• The reversed Carnot cycle is the most efficient refrigeration cycle
operating between two specified temperature levels.
• It sets the highest theoretical COP.
Working
• Process1-2: Refrigerant absorbs heat
isothermally from a low temperature
source at TL in the amount of QL.
• Process 2-3: Refrigerant compressed to
state 3 (temperature rises to TH)
• Process 3-4: Refrigerant reject heat to
high temperature at TH in the amount
QH. Refrigerant changes from saturated
vapor state to a saturated liquid state in the
condenser .
• Process 4-1: Refrigerant expands
adiabatically to state 1(temperature drops
to TL)
4 Process
1-2: Isentropic Compression
2-3: Isothermal Compression
3-4: Isentropic Expansion
4-1: Isothermal Expansion
Processes
• 1-2: Adiabatic compression of the air with the aid of
external work. The temperature of the air rises from
T2 to T1.
• 2-3: Isothermal compression of the working air
during which heat is rejected at constant high
temperature T1.
• 3-4: Adiabatic expansion of the air. The temperature
of the working fluid falls from T1 to T2.
• 4-1: Isothermal expansion of air where heat is
absorbed at low temperature T2 from the space being
cooled.
• The result is a
cycle that
operates in the
counterclockwis
e direction on T-
S diagram,
which is called
the Reversed
Carnot Cycle.
Unit of Refrigeration
• Ton of refrigeration (TR) is a unit of refrigeration and air-conditioning
to describe the rate of heat removal.
• It is defined as the rate of heat transfer required to melt one ton
(2,000 pounds) of ice at 0°C (32°F) to water at 0°C in a 24-hour
period.
• 1 TR=12,000 BTU/hr = 3.517 kW
• This means a refrigeration system rated at 1 ton of refrigeration can
remove heat at a rate of 12,000 British Thermal Units per hour
(BTU/hr), or about 3.517 kilowatts.
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
• Is a measure of its efficiency, representing the ratio of the amount of
heat removed from the refrigerated space (cooling effect) to the work
input required to remove that heat.
COP
• The COP is a dimensionless number, and a higher COP indicates a

more efficient refrigerator.
• Lower the temperature differences (between the refrigerant and the
space being cooled) higher the COP.
COP of Refrigerator
Heat absorbed Q2 = T2ds
Heat rejected Q1 = T1ds
Work input = Heat Rejected – Heat Absorbed
= Q1- Q2 = T1ds - T2ds =(T1-T2)ds
COPR = = =
COPR =
Bell Coleman Cycle Refrigeration
Bell Coleman Cycle Refrigeration System
Working of Bell Coleman Cycle
Cp(T2-T3)
Cp(T1-T4)
Cycle Analysis
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
Vapour Compression
Refrigeration
Introduction
• The vapor compression refrigeration
system is one of the most widely used
methods for cooling in both domestic
and industrial applications.
• Uses the phase changes of a
refrigerant to absorb and reject heat.
• Four main components work together
in a closed loop: the compressor,
condenser, expansion valve, and
evaporator.
1.Compressor: The refrigerant enters the compressor as a low-pressure, low-
temperature vapor. The compressor raises the refrigerant’s pressure and
temperature, transforming it into a high-pressure, high-temperature vapor.
2.Condenser: The high-pressure vapor moves to the condenser, where it
releases heat to the surroundings. As it cools down, it condenses into a high-
pressure liquid.
3.Expansion Valve: The liquid refrigerant then flows through an expansion
valve, which reduces its pressure and temperature. This process turns the
refrigerant into a low-pressure, low-temperature liquid-vapor mix.
4.Evaporator: Finally, the refrigerant enters the evaporator, where it absorbs
heat from the space that needs to be cooled. This heat causes the refrigerant to
evaporate, turning it back into a low-pressure vapor, which is then cycled
back to the compressor.
Simple Vapour Compression
Cycle
Analysis of Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Factors Affecting Performance of V C R System

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Module 5

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

• The COP is a dimensionless number, and a higher COP indicates a

Work input = Heat Rejected – Heat Absorbed

= Q1- Q2 = T1ds - T2ds =(T1-T2)ds

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