Cloud Computing

Lab 3
Bash Shell Scripting
 Agenda

● What is Shell ? ● Bash Variables

● Shell Scripting ● Basic Operators
● Shell Classification ○ Arithmetic Operators
● Shell Types ○ Relational Operators
● What is Bash ? ○ String Operators
○ File Test Operators
● Bash Commands
○ Echo Command ● Bash Conditional Statements
○ Comments ● Bash Loops
○ Date and Time ● Bash Functions
○ Sleep
 What is Shell ?

• Shell is an environment provided for the user to

interact with the machine.

• Shell is not an operating system (not a part of

Linux kernel).
• It is a way to interface with the operating system
and run commands.
• It uses the kernel to execute programs, create files,
…, etc.
 What is Shell ?
• The terminal window in our computer contains a shell that
allows you to process information, store or retrieve data
and much more by interacting with a computer via
entering commands.
For example,
− Retrieving a list of files or
directories.
− Looking up today’s date and
time.
− Getting current directory
location.
− Making, copying or deleting
files.
 Shell Scripting
• Shell scripting allows you to automate trivial tasks,
and to do things quickly.
• Shell scripting reduces extensive, complex, and
repetitive sequences of commands into a simple
command.
• You can put a set of commands in a plain text file with
the extension of .sh.
• The .sh files are shell scripts which can be
executed like normal commands.
Shell Classification
 Command Line Shell Types
Bourne Shell (sh)
• This was one of the first shell programs that came with
Unix and are also the most widely used one.

• It was developed by Stephen Bourne.

• The ~/.profile file is used as a configuration file for sh.

• This is also the standard shell used for scripting.

 Command Line Shell Types
C Shell (csh)
• The csh shell was developed by Bill Joy and modeled on
the C programming language.

• It was intended to improve interactivity with features such

as listing the command history and editing commands.

• The ~/.cshrc and the ~/.login files are used as

configuration files by csh.
 Command Line Shell Types
Bourne Again Shell (bash)
• The bash shell was developed for the GNU project as a
replacement for sh.

• The basic features of bash are copied from sh, and also
adds some of the interactivity features from csh.

• The ~/.bashrc and the ~/.profile files are used as

configuration files by bash.
 Command Line Shell Types
• Bash is a UNIX shell, a command interpreter and a
programming language.
o Command interpreter, it provides the user interface to
the GNU Core Utilities.
o Programming language features allow these utilities to
be combined.

• It’s the default open-source shell on many Linux and Mac

OS distributions today.

• We can write applications for Linux OS using Bash

commands.
 Bash Script File
• Bash script file extension should be sh or the first line in
the file should be #!/bin/bash.

• For the bash file to be executed, the user should have

permissions to execute the script.
#!/bin/bash
• Sample run of the script:
# Script follows here:
sysadmin@localhost:~$ bash echo "What is your
name?"
test.sh
read PERSON
What is your name? echo "Hello, $PERSON“
Mohamed
Hello, Mohamed
sysadmin@localhost:~$ test.sh
 Bash Echo Command
Bash Echo Command
echo [option(s)] [string]
• It writes its arguments to standard output:
test.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello World!"
echo -e "Hello\nWorld!"
echo -n "Hello World!"
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
Hello World!
Hello
World!
Hello World!sysadmin@localhost:~$
 Bash Echo Command (Cont.)
test.sh
#!/bin/bash
# this is a single line comment in bash
echo First echo
<<MY_COMMENT
This is a multiple line comment
In Bash Scripting
MY_COMMENT
echo Second echo
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
First echo
Second echo
sysadmin@localhost:~$
 Bash Variables
variableName=value
test.sh
#!/bin/bash
age=10 # number
ch='c' # character
str="Hello Bob!" # string
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./
arr=("bash" "shell" "script") #
test.sh
array
Hello Bob! I am 10 years old
bash shell
echo $str "I am ${age} years old"
sysadmin@localhost:~$
echo "${arr[0]} ${arr[1]}"
 Bash Variables (Cont.)
• Variables are case-sensitive. variableName=value
• There must be no space between variable name,
equal and value.

test.sh
#!/bin/bash

variable="It works" sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh

echo $variable It works
echo $Variable # Nothing will
appear test.sh: line 7: variable: command not
found
# Syntax error It works
variable ="It will not work" sysadmin@localhost:~$
echo $variable
 Bash Variables (Cont.)
Special Variables
Variables Example
$0 The filename of the current script
n is a positive decimal number corresponding to the position of an
$n
argument (e.g., $1, $2, …, etc.)
$# The number of arguments supplied to a script
$* Stores all received arguments as a string (e.g., "${1} ${2}")
$@ Stores received arguments in a string array (e.g., ("${1}" "${2}"))
$? The exit status of the last command executed
$$ Represents the process ID number
 Bash Variables (Cont.)
Special Variables - Example

#!/bin/bash sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh 10 15

echo "File Name: $0" File Name: ./test.sh
First Parameter : 10
echo "First Parameter : $1"
Second Parameter : 15
echo "Second Parameter : $2" Quoted Values: 10 15
echo "Quoted Values: $@" Quoted Values: 10 15
echo "Quoted Values: $*" Total Number of Parameters : 2
sysadmin@localhost:~$ echo $?
echo "Total Number of Parameters :
0
$#"
sysadmin@localhost:~$
 Basic Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Description
+ Adds values on either side of the operator
- Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand
* Multiplies values on either side of the operator
/ Divides left hand operand by right hand operand
Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns
%
remainder
= Compares two numbers, if both are same then returns true
!= Compares two numbers, if both are different then returns true.
 Basic Operators
• Any command written inside $( ) or ` ` will be
interpreted by the shell.
• $( COMMAND ) or ` COMMAND `  Expects any
shell command between brackets ( ) or
backquotes ` `
• $(( ))  Expects an expression between the
brackets (( ))
 Basic Operators (Cont.)
Arithmetic Operators – With Integers
#!/bin/bash
num1=10
num2=5
# Using double parentheses $(( ))
result=$((num1 + num2))
echo $result
result=$((num1 - num2))
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
echo $result
15
result=$((num1 * num2)) 5
echo $result 50
result=$((num1 / num2)) 2
echo $result sysadmin@localhost:~$
 Basic Operators (Cont.)
Arithmetic Operators – With Floating
Point
#!/bin/bash
num1=15.5
num2=40

# Bash bc command(floating point) sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh

add=$(echo "$num1+$num2" | bc) 15.5 + 40 equals 55.5
sub=$(echo "scale=4; $num1-$num2" | 15.5 - 40 equals -24.5
bc) 15.5 * 40 equals 620.0
multi=$(echo "scale=4; $num1*$num2" | 15.5 / 40 equals .3875
bc) sysadmin@localhost:~$
div=$(echo "scale=4; $num1/$num2" |
bc)

echo "$num1 + $num2 equals $add"

echo "$num1 - $num2 equals $sub"
 Bash Date and Time
Date and Time date +<format-option(s)>

test.sh
#!/bin/bash
date
d=$(date +%m-%d-%Y)
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./
echo $d test.sh
d=$(date '+%A %d-%B, %Y') Fri 03 Mar 2023 04:32:04 PM
echo $d EET
d=$(date +%m-%Y) 03-03-2023
echo $d Friday 03-March, 2023
03-2023
sysadmin@localhost:~$
 Date and Time Formatting Options
date +%a Weekday Name of weekday in short (like Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat) Mon
date +%A Weekday Name of weekday in full (like Sunday, Monday, Tuesday) Monday
date +%b Month Name of Month in short (like Jan, Feb, Mar ) Jan
date +%B Month Month name in full (like January, February) January
date +%d Day Day of month (e.g., 01) 04
date +%D MM/DD/YY Current Date; shown in MM/DD/YY 02/18/18
date +%F YYYY-MM-DD Date; shown in YYYY-MM-DD 2018-01-19
date +%H Hour Hour in 24-hour clock format 18
date +%I Hour Hour in 12-hour clock format 10
date +%j Day Day of year (001..366) 152
date +%m Month Number of month (01..12) (01 is January) 05
date +%M Minutes Minutes (00..59) 52
date +%S Seconds Seconds (00..59) 18
date +%N Nanoseconds Nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) 300231695
date +%T HH:MM:SS Time as HH:MM:SS (Hours in 24 Format) 18:55:42
date +%u Day of Week Day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday 7
date +%U Week Displays week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) 23
date +%Y Year Displays full year i.e. YYYY 2018
date +%Z Timezone Time zone abbreviation (Ex: IST, GMT) IST
 Bash Sleep Command
Sleep Command sleep NUMBER[SUFFIX]
• Used to insert a delay or pause the execution for a
specified period.
• SUFFIX options: s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), d
(days)
test.sh
#!/bin/bash sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./
test.sh
echo HH:MM:SS HH:MM:SS
17:13:14/03-03-2023
echo $(date +%H:%M:%S/%m-%d-%Y) 17:13:18/03-03-2023
sleep 4 sysadmin@localhost:~$
echo $(date +%H:%M:%S/%m-%d-%Y)
 Bash Conditional Statements
Bash IF
if [ expression ]
# ^ ^ ^ please note these
spaces
then
statement(s)
fi
 Bash Conditional Statements (Cont.)
Bash IF
• For compound expressions, Observe that the condition has
double square brackets.
• You can use this syntax with any number of expressions

if [[ expression_1 && expression_2 ||

expression_3 ]]
then
statement(s)
fi
 Bash Conditional Statements (Cont.)
Bash IF
test.sh
#!/bin/bash

# if condition is true
if [ "hello" == "hello" ]
then
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./
echo "hello equals hello" test.sh
fi hello equals hello
sysadmin@localhost:~$
# if condition is false
if [[ "hello" == "bye" ]]; then
echo "hello equals bye"
fi
 Bash Conditional Statements (Cont.)
Bash IF - Compare Numbers
• Relational Operators

Relational operation Operator Example

Equivalence -eq [ $a -eq $b ]
Less than -lt [ $a -lt $b ]
Less than or equal to -le [ $a -le $b ]
Greater than -gt [ $a -gt $b ]
Greater than or equal to -ge [ $a -ge $b ]
Does not equal -ne [ $a -ne $b ]
 Bash Conditional Statements (Cont.)
Bash IF - Compare Numbers
test.sh
#!/bin/bash
a=10
b=20

if [ $a -eq $b ]; then
echo "$a -eq $b : a is equal to b"
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
else
echo "$a -eq $b: a is not equal to b" 10 -eq 20: a is not equal to b
fi
10 -gt 20: a is not greater
if [ $a -gt $b ]; then than b
echo "$a -gt $b: a is greater than b" sysadmin@localhost:~$
else
echo "$a -gt $b: a is not greater than
b"
 Bash Conditional Statements (Cont.)
Operator Description
= or == Returns true if the value of two operands is equals
!= Returns true if the value of two operands is not equals
-z Returns true if length of the string is zero.
-n Returns true if length of the string non-zero.
-f Returns true if the file is existing.

if [ -f /etc/passwd ]
then
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./
echo "passwd - File exists."
else test.sh
echo "passwd - File does not passwd - File exists.
exist." sysadmin@localhost:~$
fi
 Bash Conditional Statements (Cont.)
Bash Else IF – elif
if <expression>; then
<commands>
elif <expression>; then
<commands>
else
<commands>
fi
 Bash Conditional Statements (Cont.)
Bash IF - Compare Numbers
test.sh
#!/bin/bash
n=2

if [ $n -eq 1 ]; then
echo value of n is 1
elif [[ $n -eq 2 && $n -lt 5 ]]; then
echo value of n is less than threshold
fi
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
value of n is less than threshold
sysadmin@localhost:~$
 Bash Conditional Statements (Cont.)
Bash Case
case EXPRESSION in
CASE1)
COMMAND-LIST
;;
CASE2)
COMMAND-LIST
;;

CASEN)
COMMAND-LIST
;;
*)
COMMAND-LIST
;;
esac
 Bash Conditional Statements (Cont.)
Bash Case - Example
#!/bin/bash

time=15
case $time in
9)
echo Good Morning! sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
;;
Good Day!
21)
echo Good Night!
sysadmin@localhost:~$
;;
*)
echo Good Day!
;;
esac
 Bash Loops
Bash For Loop
• Allows iterating a specific set of statements over a
series of words in a string, elements in a sequence, or
elements in an array.
#!/bin/bash

# declare an array
arr=( "bash" "shell" "script" ) sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
bash
# for loop that iterates over each shell
element in arr script
for i in "${arr[@]}" sysadmin@localhost:~$
do
echo $i
done
 Bash Loops (Cont.)
Bash For Loop
• Bash For loop consider whitespaces in given string as word
separators.

#!/bin/bash

# declare a string
str="bash shell script" sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
bash
# for loop that iterates over the shell
words script
for i in $str sysadmin@localhost:~$
do
echo $i
done
 Bash Loops (Cont.)
Bash For Loop - Iterate Over a Sequence
• To iterate over a sequence of numbers.

sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
#!/bin/bash 1
2
3
for i in $(seq 1 10) 4
5
do 6
echo $i 7
8
done 9
10
sysadmin@localhost:~$
 Bash Loops (Cont.)
Bash For Loop - Use Counter to Iterate
Over Elements of Array
• To iterate over an array’s elements using a variable for counter
#!/bin/bash
arr=("bash" "shell" "script")

# get length of an array to a sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh

variable 1 : bash
arrlength=${#arr[@]} 2 : shell
3 : script
# for loop to read all values and sysadmin@localhost:~$
indexes
for ((i = 1; i < ${arrlength} + 1; i+
+)) do
echo $i " : " ${arr[$i - 1]}
 Bash Loops (Cont.)
Bash For Loop – Break Command
• to break the for loop abruptly even before the for condition fails.
#!/bin/bash
arr=("apple" "orange" "lemon" "banana")

# for loop iterates over each element in

arr
for i in "${arr[@]}“
do sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./
echo $i test.sh
# break for loop based on a apple
orange
condition
lemon
if [ $i == "lemon" ]; then sysadmin@localhost:~$
break
 Bash Loops (Cont.)
Bash While Loop
• Execute a block of statements repeatedly based on an
expression that evaluates to TRUE.
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
#!/bin/bash 0
count=10 1
i=0 2
3
4
while [ $i -lt $count ]
5
do 6
echo "$i" 7
i=$((i + 1)) 8
done 9
sysadmin@localhost:~$
 Bash Loops (Cont.)
Bash While Loop – Multiple Conditions
• If the expression should have multiple conditions.
while [[ expression ]]; do
statement(s)
done
#!/bin/bash
count=10 ; a=0 ; b=0
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
while [[ $a -lt $count && $b -lt 0
4 ]] 1
do 2
echo "$a" 3
a=$((a + 1)) sysadmin@localhost:~$
b=$((b + 1))
done
 Bash Loops (Cont.)
Bash Until Loop
• Execute a block of statements repeatedly based on an
expression that evaluates to TRUE.
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
#!/bin/bash 20
count=10 19
18
i=20 17
16
until [ $i -lt $count ] 15
do 14
echo "$i" 13
12
i=$((i + 1)) 11
done 10
 Bash Functions
• Function must be defined in the shell script first,
before you can use it.
• Arguments could be passed to functions and
accessed inside the function as $1, $2 etc.
• Local Variables could be declared inside the
function and the scope of such local variables is
only that function.
function <function_name> <function_name> () {
{ # function body
# function body• or }
}
 Bash Functions (Cont.)
Simple Function
test.sh
#!/bin/bash
sampleFunction() {
echo Hello from Sample Function.
}
sampleFunction
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
Hello from Sample Function.
 Bash Functions (Cont.)
Simple Function with Arguments
test.sh
#!/bin/bash
# bash function example with arguments
function functionWithArgs {
echo $1 : $2 is $3 years old
}

functionWithArgs "$(date +"[%m-%d %H:%M:%S]")" "Ahmed"

"25"
sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh
[03-05 04:41:14] : Ahmed is 25 years old
 Bash Functions (Cont.)
Bash Local Variables local variableName=value

test.sh
#!/bin/bash

SHELL="Unix" # bash variable

function bashShell { sysadmin@localhost:~$ ./test.sh

# bash local variable
local SHELL="Bash" Unix
echo $SHELL Bash
}
Unix
echo $SHELL sysadmin@localhost:~$
bashShell
echo $SHELL
Any Questions