Computer Concepts and Applications

Lecture No: 01
introducing Today’s Technologies: Computers, Devices, and the Web
Instructor: Muhammad Ramzan
Email Address: [email protected]
 Marking Scheme

Assessment Plan Marks Distribution

Assignments + Presentations 15

Quizzes 15

Mid-Term Exam 30

Final Exam. 40
 Outline

 TODAY’S TECHNOLOGY
 Define Computer
 Computer basic operations
 Parts of Computer
 Computer Organization
 Looking Inside the Machine
 Evolution of Technology
 TODAY’S TECHNOLOGY

 Since technology is constantly evolving, so it’s important to learn about the new things that come out. That way,

you’ll know how to use technology well.

 Laptop: you may complete homework assignments and watch a streaming video using your laptop,

 Tablet: make dinner reservations using your tablet,

 Smartphone: search for directions and the local weather forecast while listening to music on your smartphone,

 Desktop computer: edit a video on a desktop computer,

 Digital Camera: share photos online from your digital camera with family and friends
4
 Technology Users

Home User Small/Home Mobile User Power User

Office User

Enterprise
User

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 COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its memory.

A computer is an electronic device used to process data.

Accepts Processing Produces

data data according to information
(input) specified rules (output)
 BASIC OPERATIONS OF COMPUTER

Any computer can perform the four basic operations:

 Input, Processing, Output, and Store (IPOS):: IPOS Cycle (Machine Cycle).

1) Accept data (input) from the user

2) Processes the data according to specified rules

3) Produce information (Output)

4) Stores the information for future use If needed.

 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. Hardware

2. Software

3. Data

4. User
 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. Computers contain many electric, electronic, and mechanical components known as hardware.

 Hardware is a physical part of a computer, the parts you can see and touch.

 They are two primary types of hardware

 Input Hardware

 Output Hardware
 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. Input devices are like the ears and eyes of your computer.

 An input device is any piece of hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact
with your computer and control it.

 Example: keyboard, mouse, etc.

2. Output Hardware is like the mouth and speaker of your computer.

 An Output device is any piece of hardware device that receive processed data from a computer and
convert it into a user understandable form.

 Example: Monitor, printer, loudspeaker, etc.

 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

Electronic components in computers process data using instructions, which are the steps that tell the computer how to perform a
particular task.

 Software is a logical part of a computer, the parts you can see but not touch.

 Using software, you can complete a variety of activities, such as searching for information, typing a paper,
balancing a budget, creating a presentation, or playing a game.

 There are two primary types of software

 System Software

 Application software
 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. System software is a type of software designed to control and manage the computer hardware and provides

platform for running application software.

2. Application software is task-specific computer programs that are designed to perform specific tasks for

users.

 Application software directly addresses user needs and productivity

 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

3. Data : Any information that is provided to a computer or a software program to be processed.

 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

4. User : A user is a person who uses a computer or network service.

 It is also known as computer operator

 Computers

 Laptop

 Tablet

 Desktop

 Server

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 Laptop

 A laptop is a thin, lightweight portable computer designed for mobile use.

 A laptop is also called a notebook computer.

 Laptop

 PROS  CONS

 Portable  Might not be as powerful as high-end desktops

 Uses less electricity than a desktop  May not support as much memory and hard drive space as desktops

 Contains a battery  Contains fewer ports than desktops

 Often more powerful than a tablet  May support fewer external devices than desktops
 Tablets

 Tablets A tablet is a thin, lightweight mobile computer that has a touch screen.

 Users who do not need the power of a laptop but require a portable computer for basic tasks may choose a

tablet.
 Tablets

PROS CONS
 More portable than laptops  Not as powerful as desktops and laptops

 Lightweight (most tablets weigh less than two pounds)  Hardware cannot be upgraded

 Use less electricity than a desktop  Because a touch screen is the primary form of input,


it may be difficult to enter large amounts of text on a
Battery life often is superior to laptops
tablet (unless an external keyboard is connected)
 All required components housed in a single unit (touch
screen, speakers, etc.)
 Desktop Computer

 Desktop is stationary computer designed to offer high performance in a non-portable form.

 In Desktops all of its components fit on or under a desk or table.

 Desktops are commonly used in offices, schools, and homes where portability is less of a concern, and
where high performance, flexibility, and upgradability are prioritized.
 Desktop Computer

PROS CONS
 More portable than laptops  Not as powerful as desktops and laptops

 Often more powerful than laptops and tablets  Require several external, separate components, such


as a keyboard, mouse, speakers, etc.
Can connect to one or more large monitor(s)
 High-end models can be more expensive than
 Contain several different types of ports
laptops and tablets
 Often support more memory and hard drive capacity than
 Cannot run apps designed for mobile device
laptops and tablets
operating systems, such as Android and iOS
 Relatively easy for a user to upgrade and repair
 Servers Computer

 A server is a specialized type of computer designed to manage, store, and provide

resources, and services to other computers (known as clients) over a network.

 A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often

wirelessly.

 A server can support from two to several thousand connected computers and

devices at the same time.

 Mobile and Game Devices

 A mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in your hand

Smartphone

Digital camera

Portable media player

E-book reader

Game console
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 Data and Information

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Figure 1-11
Discovering Computers: Chapter 1
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 Data and Information

 A keyboard contains keys you press to enter data and instructions into a
computer or mobile device

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 Data and Information

 A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a small symbol on the screen called a pointer

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 Data and Information

 Voice and Video Input: Some mobile devices and computers enable you to speak data instructions using

voice input and to capture live full-motion images using video input

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 Data and Information

 A scanner is a light-sensing input device that converts printed text and images into a form the computer can

process.

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Figure 1-15 Discovering Computers: Chapter 1

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 Data and Information

 An output device is any hardware component that conveys information from a computer or mobile device to

one or more people

 A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper

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Figure 1-16
Discovering Computers: Chapter 1
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 Data and Information

 A display is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information

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Figure 1-17
Discovering Computers: Chapter 1
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 Data and Information

 Speakers allow you to hear audio such as music, voice, and other sounds

 Earbuds

 Headphones

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Figure 1-18
Discovering Computers: Chapter 1
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 Looking Inside the Machine

A computer's hardware devices are categorized as follows:

1. Processor

2. Memory

3. Storage devices
 Looking Inside the Machine

1. Processor or CPU

 The processor is a brain of computer.

 It manages all computer devices and performs operation on data.

 The processor is also known as Central Processing Unit (CPU).

 The CPU’s speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz)

 1 Gigahertz (GHz) = 1,000,000,000 cycles per second.

 when we say a CPU operates at, for example, 3.0 GHz, it means the CPU can perform 3 billion cycles per second.
 Looking Inside the Machine

Parts of Processor.

1. Control unit:

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit

3. Registers

4. Cache
 Looking Inside the Machine

Parts of Processor.

1. Control unit: manages and coordinates the activities of the CPU’s operations.

 The Control unit retrieves instructions from the computer’s memory, decodes them what actions are required,

and controls the data flow between the CPU and other components.

 Instruction Fetching: Retrieves instructions from memory.

 Instruction Decoding: Interprets the fetched instructions.

 Execution Coordination: Directs the ALU and other components to carry out instructions

 Control unit retrieves instructions from the computer’s memory by using Program Counter (PC) to keep track of the

address of the next instruction.

 Looking Inside the Machine

Parts of Processor.

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit: Perform Arithmetic and logical operations

 Arithmetic Operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.

 Logical Operations: Comparisons, AND, OR, NOT operations used in decision-making and data

manipulation.
 Looking Inside the Machine

Parts of Processor.

3. Registers: Registers are small, high-speed memory units located inside the CPU.

 They temporarily hold data, instructions, and memory addresses that the CPU is processing.

 Registers include the instruction register (IR), program counter (PC), and general-purpose registers (such as the

accumulator and index registers).

 Looking Inside the Machine

Parts of Processor.

4. Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located directly on the CPU chip.

 It stores frequently accessed data and instructions to reduce the time needed to access information
from the slower main memory (RAM).

 L1 Cache: The smallest and fastest cache, located directly on the CPU chip.

 L2 Cache: Larger and slower than L1, but still faster than main memory.

 L3 Cache: Even larger and slower, shared among cores in multi-core processors.
 Motherboard

 Motherboard : The motherboard is a main circuit board of computer in which all computer chips are
attached.
 Looking Inside the Machine

Memory : Computer memory is the storage space in the computer.

 It is used to store temporary data.

 This memory is called Random Access Memory (RAM).

 RAM is volatile memory means it holds data for temporary time.

 It is also known as primary memory

 Looking Inside the Machine

 Storage Devices are the physical components devices which are used to store permanent data.

 These devices are also known as Secondary memory or Non-Volatile.

Hard Disk Solid-State USB Flash Memory Card

Drive Drive

Optical Disc Cloud

Storage
 Memory Hierarchy

 Smallest, Fastest And Expensive.

 Largest, Slowest and less Expensive.

 The Internet

 The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies,

educational institutions, and individuals

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Discovering Computers: Chapter 1
Figure 1-25

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 The Internet

The World Wide Web (or web, for short) is a global library of information available to
anyone connected to the Internet

The web consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents, each of which is

called a webpage

A website is a collection of related webpages

A web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer

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 The Internet

 A browser is software that enables users with an Internet connection to access and view webpages on a

computer or mobile device

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 The Internet

 A search engine is a type of software designed to help you find specific information online

 A search engine is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and other
information related to a specific topic

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The Internet

 An online social network encourages members to share their interests, ideas,

stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users

Pages 21 – 22

Figure 1-27
Discovering Computers: Chapter 1 51
 Digital Safety and Security

 It is important that users protect their computers and mobile devices

Viruses and
Other Privacy
Malware

Health Environmenta
Concerns l Issues

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 Digital Safety and Security

 Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using
a computer
 Strategies include:
 Recycling
 Using energy efficient hardware and energy saving features
 Regulating manufacturing processes
 Extending the life of computers
 Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers

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 Communications and Networks

 In the course of a day, it is likely you use, or use information generated by, one or more
of these communications technologies

Chat rooms Email Fax FTP GPS

Instant Video
Internet Newsgroups RSS
messaging conference

Wireless Wireless
Voice mail VoIP Internet messaging
access points services

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 Communications and Networks

 Examples of wireless communications technologies include:

Wi-Fi

Bluetooth
Cellular
radio
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 Uses of Technology in Society

Education Government Finance Retail

Entertainmen
Health Care Travel Science
t

Manufacturin
Publishing
g

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 Technology Users

Home User Small/Home Mobile User Power User

Office User

Enterprise
User

Pages 38 - 39 Discovering Computers: Chapter 1 57

 Chapter Summary

Various methods
Basic computer for input,
The Internet
concepts output, memory,
and storage

Uses of
Digital security
technology
and safety risks
applications in
and precautions
society

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