CAREGIVIN

G
Presentation by Group 4
What is Caregiving?
Caregiving is the act of assisting and
supporting individuals who are unable to care
for themselves fully, whether due to age,
chronic illness, disability, or other conditions.
Caregivers help with daily tasks such as
bathing, dressing, meal preparation, medication
management, and mobility. This role can also
include providing companionship and emotional
support, which is crucial for the mental and
emotional well-being of the person receiving
care.

Caregiving can be informal, often provided by

family members or friends, or formal, where
trained professionals offer their services in
homes, hospitals, or care facilities. It can be a
challenging but rewarding role, requiring a mix
CAREGIVING TOOLS,
EQUIPMENT AND
PARAPHERNALIA
Caregiving
Tools,
Equipment
and
Paraphernalia
used in Meal
Preparation
Caregiving
Tools,
Equipment
and
Paraphernalia
used in Meal
Preparation
Caregiving
Tools,
Equipment
and
Paraphernalia
used in Meal
Preparation
Tools,
Equipment
and
Paraphernal
ia for
Cleaning,
Washing
and Ironing
Tools,
Equipment
and
Paraphernal
ia for
Cleaning,
Washing
and Ironing
Tools,
Equipment
and
Paraphernal
ia for
Cleaning,
Washing
and Ironing
Tools,
Equipment
and
Paraphernal
ia for
Cleaning,
Washing
and Ironing
Tools,
Equipment
and
Paraphernal
ia for Taking
Vital Signs
Tools,
Equipment
and
Paraphernal
ia for Taking
Vital Signs
Tools,
Equipment
and
Paraphernal
ia for Taking
Vital Signs
Performing
Calculation
in
Caregiving
METRIC
CONVERSIONS
here are instances when we need to convert a unit of
measurement to another when calculating for drug
dosages. The metric system of measurements is based on
a number of basic measures or units.

Take a quick look at the table below

Large and small amounts of these units often have a
prefix. Also, some common units of measurement are
prefix symbol multiplication factor.
CALCULATING ORAL DRUG
DOSAGES
A Glance at Oral Drugs
These substances which are administered orally can be in the
form of tablet, capsule, or liquid. Oral drugs are most available
in a limited number of strengths or concentrations. Its,
therefore, very important that you have the skill to calculate
prescribed dosages for different drug forms.
Interpreting Oral Drug Labels
For you to administer an oral drug safely, you must
make sure that it is the correct drug with the right
dosage. Therefore, it is very vital that you would be
able to read and interpret oral drug labels.
CALCULATING ORAL DRUG
DOSAGES
1. Identify the Drug Name
Know the difference between the brand name
and generic name. Verify the generic name first. If the drug has two
names, the generic name usually appears in lowercase print and
sometimes in parentheses. The generic names are the active
ingredients in the medicine. Whether the brand name of generic
name is used, be very careful when reading the label to avoid
errors.
Important:
Pay attention to the active, or
generic name, since too much of an
active ingredient
can be harmful if you take more
than one product with the same
active ingredient without knowing
it
CALCULATING ORAL DRUG
DOSAGES
2. See the Dosage Strength

Important:
Pay close attention to the labels
of two same drugs which may
look exactly alike aside from
that of the dose strength. One of
them might indicate 125mg and
the other one is 250mg. Be keen
in checking the dose strength
because it forms part of the
dosage calculation
CALCULATING ORAL DRUG
DOSAGES
3. Check the Expiration Date
You also have to check the expiry date. It is
a vital information which is sometimes
overlooked.

Important:
For best shelf life, store all medications in a
cool, dry place.
Calculating Drug
Dosages
Most of the time, you will use ratios in proportion
to compute for drug dosages. At this point in
time, you should already be familiar in dealin
with the equation using ratios in proportions.
Rules in Calculating Drug Dosages:

Remember the rules to accurately calculate

drug dosages and eliminate errors as well.
1. Use the correct units of measure to
avoid errors in calculating doses.
2. Be careful in placing decimal and zero.
3. Double-check strange answers.
Example 1:
How many ml of a medicine are in two bottles if one bottle has 60 ml?

Step 1. Prepare the equation by using ratios in proportion.

1 bottle : 60 ml :: 2 bottles : X

Step 2: Start with the solution by considering that the product of the means is
equivalent to
the product of the extremes. Means being the inner items and extremes being the
external
items.

60 ml x 2 bottles = 1 bottle x X

Step 3: Solve for the value of X. In the given problem, the value of X refers to
60 ml x 2 bottles = 1 bottle x X
120 ml = 1 X
or
X = 120 ml
Example 1:
How many ml of a medicine are in two bottles if one bottle has 60 ml?

Step 1. Prepare the equation by using ratios in proportion.

1 bottle : 60 ml :: 2 bottles : X

Step 2: Start with the solution by considering that the product of the means is
equivalent to
the product of the extremes. Means being the inner items and extremes being the
external
items.

60 ml x 2 bottles = 1 bottle x X

Step 3: Solve for the value of X. In the given problem, the value of X refers to
60 ml x 2 bottles = 1 bottle x X
120 ml = 1 X
or
X = 120 ml
Step 4: Double check your work by completing the equation using ratios in proportion.
Example 2:
How many mg of a drug are in 4 capsules if 3 capsules contain 1500 mg

Equation:
3 capsules : 1500 mg :: 4 capsules : X
CALCULATING RECTAL DRUGS
Rectal drugs are medications prepared specifically for insertion
into the rectum. They
could be in the form of cream, lotion, or ointment.
Administering the drugs rectally is best for patients who cannot
take drugs orally. Rectal drugs include enemas and
suppositories
Iterpret Rectal Drug Labels
As we administer medicines to our patients, it is vital
to read drug labels at all times.
Paying close attention to the drug labels helps us
calculate the dosage we will give to our
patients.
- identify the drug name / generic name
- check for the dose strength
- expiration date
Types of Rectal Drugs
1. Enema - the injection of liquid into the
rectum through the anus for cleansing, for
stimulating evacuation of the bowels, or for
other therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.
2. Suppository - a small piece of medicated
substance, usually conical, ovoid, or
cylindrical, introduced into a body passage,
as the rectum or vagina, where body heat
causes it to melt
Dosage Calculation for Rectal Drugs

Suppository is considered to be the most used form of rectal

medicine. By calculating the number of suppositories, we give
to the patient, we will use the ratios in proportion method.

Example 1:
Calculate for a suppository dosage supposing a patient needs
250 mg of a suppository
and the package label says 125 mg.

Using ratios in proportion, we will find the value of X (number of

suppository needed)
Dosage Calculation for Rectal Drugs

and our equation will be written as follows:

1 suppository: 125 mg :: X ( # of suppository needed) :
250 mg

125 mg x X ( # of suppository needed ) = 1 suppository x

250 mg
125 mg ( X ) = 1 x 250 mg
125 mg ( X ) = 250 mg
X = 250 mg / 125 mg
X = 2 suppositories
To sum it up, we should give 2 suppositories to the
patient since 2 suppositories equal 250mg
PEDIATRIC ORAL DRUGS

• Devices used in Administering Pediatric Oral Driugs

1.Dropper - It is used to administer medication in syrup form to infants
2.Syringe - It is used to administer medication in syrup to infants.
3. Cup - It can be used for giving medicine to older and bigger children.
4.Hollow-handle spoon - It is device used to administer medicine to toddlers
•Tips in Administering Pediatric Oral Drugs.
1.Always check the child's mouth to ensure that the medication has been consumed.

2.Do not forget to mix drugs that are in suspension form to ensure all compounds are
thoroughly incorporated.

• Methods in computing for Pediatric Oral Dosages

1. Body Surface Area (BSA) Method

It is also known the dosage -per kilogram -of -body -weight method which is thought of
to be the most accurate among all methods used in calculating for pediatric dosage.

A nomogram is used to determine the patient's weight which is essential to prepare the
equation.It is determined that the average BSA for adults is 1.73m ².
It follows the formula:

Average Adult Dose (Child's BSA in m²/Average Adult

BSA) = Child's Dose in mg.

For example:
What is the child's dose if he/she is 50 IBS and 40'' tall
and the drug dose safe for adults is 500 mg.
Step 1: Prepare the formula
Step 2: Full up the equation using the information given
500 mg (0.89 m²/1.73 m²)= Child's Dose in mg
Step 3: Compute for the dosage using the formula
500 mg (0.51 m²)= Child's Dose in mg
255mg=Child's Dose in mg

2.Clark's Rule
It is a method wherein the weight of the child is used to compute the estimated
dosage.Pounds (Ib) is always used as the unit of measure in this method and not kilograms .
 Adults dose (child's weight/150) = Estimated Dose

For example:
What is the child's dose if he/she is 50 Ibs and the drug dose safe ifor Adult is 500 mg.
Step 1: Prepare the formula

Adults dose ( child's weight/150) = Estimated Dose

Step 2: Fill up the equation using the information given

500 mg (50/150) = Estimated child's dose

Step 3:Compute for the dosage using the formula

500 mg (50/150) =Estimated Child's Dose
500 mg (0.33) = Estimated Child's Dose

165 mg = Estimated Dose

3.Young's Rule
It is a method that is commonly used for children who are aged two years and
above.The unit measure used for the age of the child is in years.
Formula:
Adults dose(child's age in year/child's age in year +12) = Child's Dose
For example:
What is the child's dose if he/she is 2 years old with a weight of 50 Ibs and the
drug dose safe for adults is 500 mg
Step 1: Prepare the formula
Adult dose [child's age in year/( child's age in year+12)] = Estimated Dose
Step 2: Fill up the equation using the information given

500 mg [2 years /(2 years+12)] = Estimated Child's Dose

Step 3: Compute for the dosage using the formula

500mg [2 years/(2 years+12)]= Estimated Child's Dose

500 [2/14]= Estimated Child's Dose

500 (0.14)= Estimated Child's Dose

71.43 mg= Estimated Child's Dose

4.Fried's Rule

It is a method that is commonly used for children who are aged two years and below.
The unit of measure used for the age of the child is in months
Formula:

Adults dose ( child's age in months/150) = Estimated Child's Dose

For example:

What is the child's dose if he/she is 2 years old with a weight of 50 Ibs and the drug dose safe for adults is 500 mg

Step 1: Prepare the formula

Adults dose(child's age in months/150) = Estimated Child's Dose

Step 2: Fill up the equation using the information given

500 mg (24 months/150) = Estimated Child's Dose

Step 3: Compute for the dosage using the formula

500 mg (24 months/150) = Estimated Child's Dose

500(24/150) = Estimated Child's Dose

500(0.16) = Estimated Child's Dose

80 mg = Estimated Child's Dose

THANK YOU