CLASSROOM GUIDELINES

1. Come to the scheduled online class five minutes before the

session.
2. Be ready with pieces of short bond papers and ballpen.
3. Focus on the lesson and limit your unnecessary gestures and
noises.
4. Cooperate with your assigned groupmates and activity.
5. Be on time in submitting your homework, short quiz, and long
quiz.
 Solutions to
First - Order Differential Equations
 Solutions To
First - Order Differential Equations

A. Preliminaries
B. Separation of Variables
C. Homogenous Equation
D. Linear Differential Equation
E. Exact Differential Equation
F. Substitution Suggested by the
Equation
SEPARATION OF VARIABLES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able
to:
1. specify separation of variables.

2. verify if the given differential equation can use the technique.

3. determine the solution of a differential equation using this

technique.
Basic Concept
Consider the differential equation

M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0
can be written as
F(x) g(y) dx +f(x) G(y) dy = 0
or equivalently,
dx + dy = 0
or A(x) dx + B(y) dy = 0

where F(x), f(x), and A(x) are purely functions of x and G(y), g(y), and B(y) are
function of y alone. Hence, the differential equation is transformed into an
integrable form, then this method is called SEPARATION OF VARIABLES
(VariableSeparation
Separable).of Variables was first used by L'Hospital in 1750. It is
especially useful in solving equations arising in mathematical physics, such as
Laplace’s equation , the Helmholtz differential equation, and the Schrödinger
equation. Essentially, the technique of separation of variables is just what its
name implies. For a differential equation involving x and y, just separate the x
variables to the y variables. After separating, integrate the equation to obtain
the solution. The solution of the differential equation must be written either in
Explicit Form or
Implicit Form
F(x, y) = C F(x, y, C) = 0
Example
1. Find the general solution of the differential equation 2x dx + y dy
=0
Solution:
2x dx + y dy = 0 Given
[2x dx + y dy] = [0] Separate f(x) to f(y) by dividing the
factors to the equation.
Rewrite the DE into A(x) dx + B(y) dy = 0
Simplify
Apply integration to the equation
2 ln x + ln y = C
ln + ln y = ln C Rewrite the equation into function of
ln =ln natural logarithm( Let C = ln C)
=C Apply the exponential function e to the
Hence, equation.

Therefore, = C
Example
2. Determine the solution of the differential equation dx = cot x
dy .
Solution:
dx = cot x dy Given
[ dx] =[cot x dy ] Separate f(x) to f(y) by dividing the
factors to the equation.
Rewrite the DE into A(x) dx + B(y) dy = 0
Simplify
Apply integration to the equation
( x cos x + sin x ) = C
Henc 2sin x 2x cos x = C
e, Simplify, let 2C = C

Therefore, .
Example
3. Solve differential equation y = (x+1) y’.

Solution:
y = (x+1) y’ Given
[] =[(x+1) y’ ] Separate f(x) to f(y) by
dividing the factors to the
equation.

Rewrite the DE into A(x) dx

+ B(y) dy = 0

Modify the differential

equation into differential
form

Apply integration to the

equation
[ cos y +2(y sin y+ cos y) ] = C
cos y 2y sin y 2cos y + C = 0 Simplify and Let C = C
xcos x 2xy sin x 2x cos y+ C = 0
Henc x (cos x 2sin y 2cos y + C) 1 = 0
e,
Therefore,
.
Example
4. Find the implicit solution of differential equation – = 0.

Solution:
– =0 Given
– =0 dy - xdx=0
Separate f(x) to f(y) by dividing the
factors to the equation.
Rewrite the DE into M(x) dx + N(y)
dy = 0
Apply integration to the equation
x =C
=C Simplify
Henc +C=0
e, Let C = C

Therefore, .
Example
5. Find the particular solution of = when x = 2 and y = 3.

Solution:

= Given

Rewrite the DE in
M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 form.
=0

=0 Simplify.
Separate f(x) to f(y) by dividing the
factors to the equation.
= [0]

Rewrite the DE into A(x) dx + B(y) dy

=0
Apply integration to the equation
l=C Let C = ln C
Henc
e, l 1=0 General Solution

At x = 2, y = 3 : [] l 1 = 0
(1) l = 1 ln C = 1 C = e Apply exponential shift to the equation.
Therefore, l 1 = 0.
Example
6. Show that ln is the solution for
+ ()dy = 2 dx.
Solution:

+ ()dy = 2 dx Given

Simplify and rewrite the DE in

+ x()dy = M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 form.

[ + x()dy ] = [0] Separate f(x) to f(y) by dividing

the factors to the equation.

Apply integration to the

equation
l C
2l 3C Let 2C = 3C
3C Simplify
Henc
e, 3C = 0 General Solution

Therefore, ln is the solution for

+ ()dy = 2 dx.
Example
7. Find the particular solution of y = when x = 0 and y = 0.
Solution:

y= Given

Rewrite the DE in
M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0
form.
=0 =0

Separate f(x) to f(y) by

dividing the factors to the
equation.
= [0]

Rewrite the DE into

A(x) dx + B(y) dy = 0
Apply integration to the
equation
=C Let C = C
Henc
e, =C General Solution

At x = 0, y = 0 : ] = C
(1) [] = C C = +2 C = 1
=1 Particular Solution

Therefore, .
Example
8. Show that x = 3y is the particular solution of the differential equation
x dy – y dx = 0
when x = 6 and y = 2.
Solution:

x dy – y dx = 0 Given

Separate f(x) to f(y) by dividing the factors to the

[x dy – y dx] = [0] equation.

Apply integration to the equation

l= ln C Let C = ln C
l = ln C Rewrite the equation in logarithm form
x = Cy Apply exponential shift to the equation.
Henc
e, x = Cy General Solution

At x = 6, y = 2 : 6 = C(2) C
=3
x = 3y Particular Solution
Therefore, .
Example
9. Show that x = 3y is the particular solution of the differential equation
x dy – y dx = 0
when x = 6 and y = 2.
Solution: (Alternative solution)
x dy – y dx = 0 Given

Separate f(x) to f(y) by dividing the factors to the

[x dy – y dx] = [0] equation.

Apply integration to the equation

l= ln C Let C = ln C
l = ln C Rewrite the equation in logarithm form
y = Cx Apply exponential shift to the equation.
Henc
e, y = Cx General Solution

At x = 6, y = 2 : 2 = C(6) C =
y= Particular Solution
Therefore, .
Example
10. Determine the particular solution of 2x sec y = y dy when y(1) = 0.
Solution:

2x sec y = y dy Given

Rewrite the DE in
M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 form.
=0

Separate f(x) to f(y) by dividing the

factors to the equation.
[] = [0]

Rewrite the DE into A(x) dx + B(y) dy

=0
Apply integration to the equation
2l=C
Henc
e, 2l=C General Solution

At y(1) = 0: 2 l = C x = 1, y = 0
2 (0) 1 = C C = 1 Applying exponential shift
2l=1 Particular Solution
Therefore, l 1 + cos y = 0.
References:
1
Meade D., et al. “Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value
Problems”. Wiley. 2017
2
Boelkins, M. et al. “Active Calculus & Mathematical Modeling. “ Carroll
College. 2016
3
Blanchard P. et al “Differential Equations.” Thompson. 2006
4
Leithold, L. ”The Calculus 7”. Good Year Books, New York
(1996)
5
Peterson, T. ”Calculus with Analytic Geometry”. Harper & Brothers, New
York (1996)
6
Bronson, R. “Schaum’s Solved Problems Series”. McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Singapore 1989
Web References:
1
https://
www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/differentialequations
2
https://
www.onlinemathlearning.com
3
Online notes/ Differential Equations/ Paul Dawkins, Lamar University