Announcements

 Special Make-up for Quiz

#4 • When : Thursday, November 14, 2024
• Location : BPS1400
• Time : 04:00PM-06:00PM
 Quiz #5
• Will have the ability to do it with one of your peers
• One answer for a pair of students
• Should start discussing with friends/peers to setup your pairing partner
• Could start studying together until the quiz
• This will not be required
• You will still be able to do it on your own if that is your preference

Slide-1
Final exam
 Tuesday evening, December 10, from 8:00 – 10:00 pm
 Procedure will be similar to the quizzes
 Opens at 8pm, closes at 10pm
 Closed book, closed notes
 Let us know (before the final) if you have a conflict

Hints for studying for the final:

 Prepare an equation sheet so that you have access
to the relevant information quickly
 Practice with quizzes, homework, practice final exam,
practice quizzes, discussion questions
 Review all lecture materials
 Last week of the semester will be review

Slide-2
Ray Optics
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach, R. Knight

IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about and

apply the ray model of light
Slide-3
Refraction

Slide-4
Total Internal Reflection
 When a ray crosses a boundary into a material with
a lower index of refraction, it bends away from the
normal.
 As the angle θ1 increases, the refraction angle θ2
approaches 90º, and the fraction of the light energy
transmitted decreases while the fraction reflected
increases.
 The critical angle of
incidence occurs when θ2
= 90º:
 The refracted light
vanishes at the critical
angle and the reflection
becomes 100% for any
angle θ1 > θc. Slide-5
Total Internal Reflection

Slide-6
Fiber Optics
 The most important modern application of total
internal reflection (TIR) is optical fibers.
 Light rays enter the glass fiber, then impinge on
the inside wall of the glass at an angle above the
critical angle, so they undergo TIR and remain
inside the glass.
 The light continues to “bounce” its way down the
tube as if it were inside a pipe.

Slide-7
Fiber Optics
 In a practical optical fiber, a small-diameter
glass core is surrounded by a layer of glass
cladding.
 The glasses used for the core and the cladding
have
Ncore < ncladding

Slide-8
Image Formation by
Refraction

 If you see a fish that

appears to be
swimming close to
the front window of
the aquarium, but
then look through
the side of the
aquarium, you’ll find
that the fish is
actually farther from
the window than
you thought.
Slide-9
Image Formation by
Refraction
 Rays emerge
from a material
with n1 < n2.
 Consider only
paraxial rays, for
which θ1 and θ2 are
quite small.
 In this case:

where s is the
object distance and
s′ is the image
distance.
 The minus sign tells us
that we have a virtual Slide-
10
Lenses
 The photos below show parallel light rays
entering two different lenses.
 The left lens, called a converging lens,
causes the rays to refract toward the optical
axis.
 The right lens, called a diverging lens,
refracts parallel rays away from the optical
axis.

Slide-
11
Converging Lenses

 A converging lens
is thicker in the
center than at the
edges.
 The focal length f is
the distance from
the lens at which
rays parallel to the
optical axis
converge.
 The focal length is a
property of the lens,
independent of how
the lens is used. Slide-
12
Diverging Lenses

 A diverging lens
is thicker at the
edges than in
the center.
 The focal length f is
the distance from
the lens at which
rays parallel to the
optical axis appear
to diverge.
 The focal length is a
property of the lens,
independent of how
the lens is used. Slide-
13
Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing

 Three situations
form the basis for
ray tracing
through a thin
converging lens.
 Situation 1:
A ray initially
parallel to the
optic axis will go
through the far
focal point after
passing through
the lens.
Slide-
14
Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing

 Three situations
form the basis for
ray tracing
through a thin
converging lens.
 Situation 2:
A ray through the
near focal point of
a thin lens
becomes parallel to
the optic axis after
passing through
the lens.
Slide-
15
Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing

 Three situations
form the basis for
ray tracing
through a thin
converging lens.
 Situation 3:
A ray through the
center of a thin
lens is neither bent
nor displaced but
travels in a
straight line.
Slide-
16
Quick Check

The focal length of a converging lens is

A. The distance at which an image is

formed.
B. The distance at which an object
must be placed to form an image.
C. The distance at which parallel light
rays are focused.
D. The distance from the front surface to
the back surface.
Slide-
17
Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing
 Rays from an object point P are refracted by the
lens and converge to a real image at point P′.

Slide-
18
Quick Check

A lens produces a sharply

focused, inverted image on
a screen. What will you see
on the screen if the lens is
removed?

A. An inverted but
blurry image
B. An image that is
dimmer but otherwise
unchanged
C. A sharp, upright
image
D. A blurry, upright Slide-
19
Quick Check
A lens produces a sharply
focused, inverted image on
a screen. What will you see
on the screen if a piece of
dark paper is lowered to
cover the top half of the
lens?

A. An inverted but blurry

image
B. An image that is
dimmer but otherwise
unchanged
C. Only the top half of the
image Slide-
20
Quick Check

A lens creates an
image as shown. In this
situation, the object
distance s is

A. Larger than the

focal length f.
B. Equal to the focal
length f.
C. Smaller than focal
length f.
Slide-
21
Image Formation

 The figure is a close-

up view of the rays
very near the image
plane.
 To focus an image,
you must either
move the screen to
coincide with the
image plane or
move the lens or
object to make the
image plane
coincide with the
screen. Slide-
22
Lateral Magnification
 The image can be either larger or smaller
than the object, depending on the location
and focal length of the lens.
 The lateral magnification m is defined as

 A positive value of m indicates that the

image is upright relative to the object.
 A negative value of m indicates that the
image is inverted relative to the object.
 The absolute value of m gives the size ratio
of the image and object: h′/h = |m|
Slide-
23
Virtual Images

 Consider a
converging lens for
which the object is
inside the focal point,
at distance s < f.
 You can see all
three rays appear
to diverge from
point P′.
 Point P′ is an ✓ ◆—1
upright,
1 1 virtual 1
s′ = 1
—
1
image of the
+ point
object = P.
s s0 f f s
Slide-
24
Virtual Images

 You can see a

virtual image by
looking through
the lens.
 This is exactly what
you do with a
magnifying glass,
microscope, or
binoculars.

Slide-
25
Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing

 Three situations form

the basis for ray
tracing through a thin
diverging lens.
 Situation 1:
A ray initially parallel
to the optic axis will
appear to diverge
from the near focal
point after passing
through the lens.

Slide-
26
Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing

 Three situations
form the basis for
ray tracing
through a thin
diverging lens.
 Situation 2:
A ray directed
along a line toward
the far focal point
becomes parallel
to the optic axis
after passing
through the lens.
Slide-
27
Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing

 Three situations
form the basis for
ray tracing
through a thin
diverging lens.
 Situation 3:
A ray through the
center of a thin lens
is neither bent nor
displaced but
travels in a straight
line.
Slide-
28
Thin Lenses: Refraction
Theory
 Consider a spherical boundary between two
transparent media with indices of refraction n1
and n2.
 The sphere has radius of curvature R and is
centered at point C.

Slide-
29
Thin Lenses: Refraction
Theory
 If an object is located at distance s from a
spherical refracting surface, an image will be
formed at distance s’ given by

Slide-
30