POE ThermalPhysics

POE – Thermal
Physics
States of Matter
Solid: Particles are bound
by bonds, though particles
do wiggle and vibrate in
place.
Liquid: The binding forces are

weaker. The particles can
slide around each other, but
they can’t expand in volume
Gas: In a gas, the binding

forces are even weaker. The
particles expand away from
each other to fill whatever
container is available.
Moving Particles
In all 3 states, the particles are moving.
Thus they all have kinetic energy.
Thermal Energy (aka “Heat”): The sum total of

the kinetic energies of all the particles in a
body or sample.
Symbol: Q
Units: J (joules)
Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic

energy of particles in a body or sample.
Symbol: T
Units: °C or K
Temperature
Scales Degrees Degrees Kelvins
Fahrenhei Celsius (K)
t (°F) (°C)
Absolute -460° F -273° C 0K

Zero
Freezing 32° F 0° C 273 K

temperatur
e of water
“Room 68° F 20° C 293 K

temperatur
e”
Boiling 212° F 100° C 373 K

point of
water
Heat v.
Temperature
Consider air in an oven set to 400° F and water
in a pot boiling at 212° F on the stove.
Which is hotter? Which has more heat?
A. The oven is hotter and has more heat
B. The water is hotter and has more

heat
C. The water is hotter; the oven has

more heat
D. The oven is hotter; the water has

more heat
Heat v.
Temperature
Consider air in an oven set to 400° F and water in
a pot boiling at 212° F on the stove.
Which is hotter? Which has more heat?
A. The oven is hotter and has more heat
B. The water is hotter and has more heat
C. The water is hotter; the oven has

more heat
D. The oven is hotter; the water

has more heat
The Oven v. the
Stove
The oven has a higher
temperature than the
water, so it’s hotter. This
means the average
individual particle in the air
in the oven has more
kinetic energy than the
average individual molecule
of water in the pot. But there are a lot more
molecules of water in the pot
than there are particles of air
in the oven. So while the
average kinetic energy is
higher in the oven, the total
energy (and therefore heat) is
greater in the water.
The corona Yet someone right
here would freeze to
of the Sun death because the
is a particles in the
1,000,000 K corona are too few
and far between
plasma
Thermal
Equilibrium
When two objects of different
temperature are brought together,
thermal energy will flow from the hotter
object to the cooler one until they reach
the same temperature.
(How fast the transfer of energy occurs

depends on the thermal conductivity of
the object.)
Once both objects reach the same

temperature, we say the system has
reached thermal equilibrium.
When you change the thermal energy of a body, two things
can happen:
Its temperature can change
Its phase can change.
If temperature changes:
The amount of thermal energy required to raise a mass m

by a temperature ΔT is directly proportional to both m and
ΔT:
Q ~ mΔT
Include a constant of proportionality to make this an
equation:
Q = mcΔT
where c = “specific heat capacity”
Units: J/kg °C or J/kg K
Note: specific heat is a measure of how much energy it

Specific Heat of Common Substances
Material Specific Material Specific

Heat Heat (J/kg
(J/kg K) K)
Aluminum 897 Lead 130
Brass 376 Methanol 2450
Carbon 710 Silver 235
Copper 385 Steam 2020
Glass 840 Water 4180
(liquid)
Ice 2060 Zinc 388
Iron 450
If phase changes:
The amount of thermal energy required to

change the phase of a mass m is directly
proportional to m :
Q~m
Include a constant of proportionality to make
this an equation:
Q = Hm
where H = Hv (“heat of vaporization”) , or
H = Hf (“heat of fusion”),
depending on what phase changes.

J J
Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of Common Substances
Material Heat of Fusion Heat of
(Hf) Vaporization
(Hv)
Copper 2.05 x 105 5.07 x 106

Mercury 1.15 x 104 2.72 x 105
Gold 6.30 x 104 1.64 x 106
Methanol 1.09 x 105 8.78 x 105
Iron 2.66 x 105 6.29 x 106
Silver 1.04 x 105 2.36 x 106
Lead 2.04 x 104 8.64 x 105
Water 3.34 x 105 2.26 x 106
Example 1) How much energy does it take to heat 5.0 kg
of ice from -12.0°C to 15°C?
Qtotal = Qheat ice + Qmelt ice + Qheat liquid

water
= mciceΔTice + mHf + mcliquid waterΔTliquid water

= (5.0 kg)(2200 J/kg°C)(12°C)
+ (5.0 kg)(334,000 J/kg)
+ (5.0 kg)(4180 J/kg°C)(15°C)
= 2,117,000J
≈ 2.2 MJ
Example 2) A copper bar with mass 285 g and
temperature of 81°C is placed in a vat containing
785 g of water at 17°C. What’s the final
temperature?
(Note default assumptions: No energy lost to

surroundings; unless stated otherwise, assume
containers incur negligible energy loss/gain)
Qlost by Cu = Qgained by water

mCucCuΔTCu = mwatercwaterΔTwater
(0.285 kg)(385 J/kg°C)(81°C – Tfinal)
= (0.785 kg)(4180 J/kg°C)(Tfinal -
17°C)
Solve for Tfinal: 19°C
Example 3) 1.37 kg of molten lead at its melting
point of 327°C is placed in a vat containing 6.20 kg of
water at 15.0 °C. What is the final temperature once
thermal equilibrium is reached?
(Note: There is a phase change this time)
Qlost by Pb = Qgained by water
Qfreeze Pb + Qcool Pb = Qheat water
mPbHf + mPbcPbΔTPb = mwatercwaterΔTwater
(1.37 kg)(23,000 J/kg) + (1.37 kg)(128 J/kg°C)

(327°C – Tfinal)
= (6.2 kg)(4180 J/kg°C)(Tfinal - 15°C)
Solve for Tfinal: 18.3°C

Copy and do these problems in your Engineering
Notebook:
Example 4) How much heat is needed to change 3.00

x 102 g of ice at -30.0°C to steam at 130.0°C?
Example 5) A 100.0-g block at 100.0°C is placed in

100.0 g of water at 10.0°C. The final
temperature after thermal equilibrium is reached is
25.9°C. Identify the material the block is made of.
Example 6) A 325-g iron block at 100.0°C is placed in

a 181-g glass bowl containing 422 g of water at
8.0°C. What is the final temperature after
everything has reached thermal equilibrium?
Example 7) A 71-g ice cube at -11.0°C is placed in a

325-g cup of water at 22.0°C. What is the final
temperature?
Answers: 4) 940,000 J; 5) Aluminum; 6) 14.5°C;

7) 2.8°C

POE ThermalPhysics

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POE – Thermal

Liquid: The binding forces are

Gas: In a gas, the binding

Thus they all have kinetic energy.

Thermal Energy (aka “Heat”): The sum total of

Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic

Absolute -460° F -273° C 0K

Freezing 32° F 0° C 273 K

“Room 68° F 20° C 293 K

Boiling 212° F 100° C 373 K

Which is hotter? Which has more heat?

A. The oven is hotter and has more heat

B. The water is hotter and has more

C. The water is hotter; the oven has

D. The oven is hotter; the water has

Which is hotter? Which has more heat?

A. The oven is hotter and has more heat

B. The water is hotter and has more heat

C. The water is hotter; the oven has

D. The oven is hotter; the water

(How fast the transfer of energy occurs

Once both objects reach the same

The amount of thermal energy required to raise a mass m

Units: J/kg °C or J/kg K

Note: specific heat is a measure of how much energy it

Material Specific Material Specific

The amount of thermal energy required to

depending on what phase changes.

Copper 2.05 x 105 5.07 x 106

Qtotal = Qheat ice + Qmelt ice + Qheat liquid

= mciceΔTice + mHf + mcliquid waterΔTliquid water

(Note default assumptions: No energy lost to

Qlost by Cu = Qgained by water

(Note: There is a phase change this time)

Qlost by Pb = Qgained by water

Qfreeze Pb + Qcool Pb = Qheat water

mPbHf + mPbcPbΔTPb = mwatercwaterΔTwater

(1.37 kg)(23,000 J/kg) + (1.37 kg)(128 J/kg°C)

= (6.2 kg)(4180 J/kg°C)(Tfinal - 15°C)

Solve for Tfinal: 18.3°C

Example 4) How much heat is needed to change 3.00

Example 5) A 100.0-g block at 100.0°C is placed in

Example 6) A 325-g iron block at 100.0°C is placed in

Example 7) A 71-g ice cube at -11.0°C is placed in a

Answers: 4) 940,000 J; 5) Aluminum; 6) 14.5°C;

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