Bricks and

Masonry
Blocks
Table of
Contents
0 Bricks
1 - Types and Uses

02 Blocks
-Types and Uses

03 Timber
- Types and Uses
 Introduction
3
Block is a similar term referring to
a rectangular building unit
composed mainly of concrete

It is usually larger than a brick.

A brick is building material used to make

walls, pavements and other elements in
masonry construction.

Traditionally, the term brick referred to a

unit composed of clay hardened by heat,
but it is now used to denote any
rectangular units laid in mortar.

Timber is a type of wood which has been

processed into beams and planks. It is also
known as “lumber” in US and Canada. Basically,
timber or Lumber is a wood or firewood of
4

Bricks
Even a brick wants to be
something.

-Louis Kahan
5

Some
Structures
Made of
BRICKS
Ancient Jetavanaramaya Stupa
6
(Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka)

-----
Victoria Building
7(University of Liverpool, England)

-----
St, Martin’s Church
8
(Landshut,
Germany)

-----
Malbork Castle
9
(Malbork, Poland)

-----
10

Common Burnt Clay Bricks

Sand Lime Bricks (Calcium

Silicate Bricks)
Types of
Engineering Bricks
Bricks
Concrete Bricks

Fly ash Clay Bricks

11
Common Burnt
Clay Bricks
Common burnt clay bricks are
formed by pressing in molds.
Then these bricks are dried
and fired in a kiln.

Common burnt clay bricks are

used in general work with no
special attractive
appearances. When these
bricks are used in walls, they
require plastering or
Sad Lime Bricks
12

Sand lime bricks are made by

mixing sand, fly ash and lime
followed by a chemical
process during wet mixing.
The mix is then molded under
pressure forming the brick.
These bricks can offer
advantages over clay bricks
such as:
13

Their color appearance is gray instead

of the regular reddish color.

Their shape is uniform and presents a

smoother finish that doesn’t require
plastering.

These bricks offer excellent strength as

a load-bearing member.
14
Engineering
Bricks
Engineering bricks are bricks
manufactured at extremely
high temperatures, forming a
dense and strong brick,
allowing the brick to limit
strength and water absorption.
15
Concrete Bricks
Concrete bricks are made from
solid concrete and are very
common among
homebuilders. Concrete bricks
are usually placed in facades,
fences, and provide an
excellent aesthetic presence.
These bricks can be
manufactured to provide
different colors as pigmented
during its production.
16
Fly Ash Clay
Bricks
Fly ash clay bricks are
manufactured with clay and fly
ash, at high temperature.
Some studies have shown that
these bricks tend to fail poor
produce pop-outs, when bricks
come into contact with
moisture and water, causing
the bricks to expand.
 HISTORY
 A concrete block is primarily used as a
building
17 material in the construction of
walls. It is sometimes called a concrete
masonry unit (CMU). A concrete block is
one of several precast concrete products
used in construction. The term precast
refers to the fact that the blocks are
formed and hardened before they are
brought to the job site. Concrete
 Concrete mortar was used by the
Romans as early as 200 b.c. to bind
shaped stones together in the
Blocks
construction of buildings. It was not until
1824 that the English stonemason
Joseph Aspdin developed portland
cement, which became one of the key
components of modern concrete.
 The first hollow concrete block was
designed in 1890 by Harmon S.
Palmer in the United States. After 10
 Hollow Concrete Blocks
Hollow concrete blocks contains void area
18
greater than 25% of gross area. Solid area of
Major Types
hollow bricks should be more than 50%.
of Blocks
• They are the standard sized
rectangular hollow blocks made of cast
concrete of high or low density. For Solid Concrete Blocks -Solid concrete
high density blocks, Portland cement blocks are made from aggregate, Portland
and aggregate, usually sand and fine
cement and sand. These blocks have a solid
gravel are used as a raw material. For
low density blocks, industrial wastes, material, not less than 75% of the total
such as fly ash or bottom ash are used volume of the block calculated from the
as the primary raw materials and are
overall dimensions. Hence, they are heavy
often called cinder blocks /breeze
blocks in different parts of the world. in weight. These blocks provide good
Hollow concrete blocks are more stability to the structure. So, these blocks
commonly used in masonry
are used for a large work of masonry. They
construction. It accelerates the
construction process, saves cement are used in the load-bearing walls as well as
and steel and reduces the work the non-load bearing walls. Solid blocks are
expenses at the construction site.
available in large sizes as compared to the
These blocks lower the natural weight
19
Stretcher block

Corner block

Pillar block

Jamb block
Types of
Partition block Blocks
Lintel block

Frogged brick block

Bull nose block

20
Stretcher Blocks
Stretcher blocks are used to join
the corner in the masonry.
Stretcher blocks are widely used
concrete hollow blocks in
construction. They are laid with
their length parallel to the face of
the wall.
21
Corner Blocks
Corner blocks are used at the
ends or corners of masonry. The
ends may be window or door
openings etc. they are arranged
in a manner that their plane end
visible to the outside and other
end is locked with the stretcher
block.
22
Pillar Blocks
Pillar block is also called as
double corner block. Generally
these are used when two ends of
the corner are visible. In case of
piers or pillars these blocks are
widely used.
23
Jamb Blocks
Jamb blocks are used when there
is an elaborated window opening
in the wall. They are connected
to stretcher and corner blocks.
For the provision of double hung
windows, jamb blocks are very
useful to provide space for the
casing members of window.
24 Jamb Block
25
Partition
Concrete Block
Partition concrete blocks are
generally used to build partition
walls. Partition blocks have larger
height than its breadth. Hollow
part is divided into two to three
components in case of partition
blocks.
26
Lintel Blocks
Lintel block or beam block is used
for the purpose of provision of
beam or lintel beam. Lintel beam
is generally provided on the top
portion of doors and windows,
which bears the load coming
from top. Concrete lintel blocks
have deep groove along the
length of block as shown. After
placing the blocks, this groove is
filled with concrete along with
reinforcement.
27 Lintel Block
28
Frogged Brick
Blocks
Frogged brick block contains a
frog on its top along with header
and stretcher like frogged brick.
This frog will helps the block to
hold mortar and to develop the
strong bond with top laying block.
29
Bullnose
Concrete Block
Bullnose blocks are similar to
corner blocks. Their duties also
same but when we want rounded
edges at corner bullnose bricks
are preferred.
30
Column Block

A column block is typically a

square block with a single hole.
These can be stacked to create
columns, with reinforcement
inside. Also referred as double
corner block where two ends of
corner are visible.
31
Splitface Block
Splitface blocks look like pillar blocks,
except one edge has a very rough,
almost jagged texture that exposes
the block’s inner aggregates. This
block is very porous and therefore
vulnerable to water damage, but it
also has a lower risk of termite
infestation and is less susceptible to
fire. A splitface block like the one
pictured above might come in a 6-by-
8-by-16-inch size.
32

SEE PDF ASTM AND PDF IS

STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS
ACCORDING TO
DPWH AND IS
33

Timber

Timber is a natural product. A tree consists of crown, trunk and

root. The timber is getting from trees. Cut the tree and take the
branches to suitable length and stem it. After that can be take
to timber yards for make timber elements. By sewing in yard, it
converted to various commercial sizes like planks, battens,
posts, beams etc.
34

Timber
Timber is used for the following works:
1. For heavy construction works like
columns, trusses, piles.
2. For light construction works like doors,
windows, flooring and roofing.
3. For other permanent works like for
railway sleepers, fencing poles, electric
poles and gates.
4. For temporary works in construction like
scaffolding, centering, shoring and
strutting, packing of materials.
5. For decorative works like showcases and
furniture.
6. For body works of buses, lorries, trains
and boats
Sapwood
Sapwood is the outermost part of a
tree’s trunk or branch, which is usually
35in color than the rest. It contains
lighter
living cells that transport water and
nutrients between inner tissues and
outer bark (which is more like skin).
Heartwood
Heartwood is the darker-colored wood in
FOUR
the center of a tree trunk which is made DIFFERENT
up of dead cells. It is used for
construction and furniture because it’s TYPES OF
strong but also light in weight.
Softwood TIMBER
Softwood are types of timber that’s used
for construction. It has a higher density ACCORDING TO
than hardwood, but its strength isn’t as
great. Softwoods are made from conifers
THEIR
—pine, spruce, and fir trees, among CLASSIFICATION
others.
Hardwood
Hardwoods are the densest and
 Bamboo
36 Birch
Cedar
Cherry
Cross-laminated
Glulam
Green timber DIFFERENT
Lime
Mahogany
TYPES OF
Oak TIMBER BASED
Pine
Plywood ON WOOD
Sapele wood
Tulipwood
Walnut
Wood ash
Spruce
Fir
Bamboo is an industrial material also identified as
the most promising building material. It’s often used
for furniture and is an excellent material for building
because it’s lightweight, strong, and flexible. It has
many uses in construction, including building
partitions and furniture.

Birch timber is a great craft-wood. It is an important source of

hardwood timber. Yellow birch is commonly used which is also
known as gray birch, or swamp birch. It is light reddish brown color.
Birch timber is used for many applications in
construction, including building materials, furniture,
flooring, and wall paneling.

Cedar timber is one of the most valuable timbers

in the world, due to its excellent physical properties
and its ability to resist decay. It is also very
versatile, being used for furniture, construction,
flooring, and even roofing. Cedar’s long-lasting
qualities make it an excellent choice for outdoor use
as well.
Cherry timber is grown as a tree
plantation timber. It is a hardwood and has
medium density and moderately durable.
And used for small pieces of furniture-
veneers, handles, cabinets, scientific
instruments etc.
Mahogany is a high-quality timber. It is grown
commercially almost in every continent. Mahogany
Oak timber is one of the most popular types is widely used in the furniture and cabinet building
of timber in the construction industry. Oak industry. It is made into plywood and all kinds of
timber is quite strong, making it suitable for trim.
construction projects that require a high level
of strength and durability

Walnut is a premium timber. It is a specialist hardwood. Walnut

timber is moderately durable. It is medium density. It can be
used in a variety of ways, including structural
beams, paneling, flooring, and furniture.

Fir timber is one of the world’s best-known timber species. It is a premier building
product for a wide range of applications. Fir has become the standard woods of
choice for timber framing. Fir timber is used tin-housing, framing, flooring, lining
fascias, bargeboards, and pergolas.
Plywood timber is a lightweight wood that
can be made into almost any shape or size.
Plywood timber is a type of wood that has
been used to build homes, schools, and
office buildings. They are easy to transport,
install and repair.

Pine timber is the most widely used types

of timber in the world. It is the most widely
used construction timber and is used in
applications ranging from poles to flooring,
furniture to paneling, and ding to decking.
 40 Softwood Tree Cross-Section

Earlywood Heartwood
Rays
Latewood Pith Sapwood
Growth Vascular
Ring Cambium

Softwood Cellular Structure

Earlywood
Latewood

Inner Secondary Oute

Phloem r ark
B
Bark Cork
Cambium
Rays
 Timber Conversion
41
TIMBER MANUFACTURE
Through by
Through
THAT’S ALL
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