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15 views12 pages

Exp 3

Uploaded by

abushahzad258
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Practice (Addition)

org 100h ; Start at offset 100h for .COM file compatibility


; Define variables
num1 db 10h ; First number (hexadecimal 10 = decimal 16)
num2 db 05h ; Second number (hexadecimal 05 = decimal 5)
add_result db ? ; Storage for addition result
sub_result db ? ; Storage for subtraction result
start:
; Addition
mov al, num1 ; Load num1 into AL
add al, num2 ; Add num2 to AL
mov add_result, al ; Store addition result in add_result
; Exit program
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
Practice (Subtraction)
org 100h ; Start at offset 100h for .COM file compatibility
; Define variables
num1 db 10h ; First number (hexadecimal 10 = decimal 16)
num2 db 05h ; Second number (hexadecimal 05 = decimal 5)
add_result db ? ; Storage for addition result
sub_result db ? ; Storage for subtraction result
start:
; Subtraction
mov al, num1 ; Reload num1 into AL
sub al, num2 ; Subtract num2 from AL
mov sub_result, al ; Store subtraction result in sub_result
; Exit program
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
Introduction to Input/output
• In 8086 assembly language, we use a software interrupt mechanism for I/O.
• An interrupt signals the processor to suspend its current activity (i.e.
running your program) and to pass control to an interrupt service program
(i.e. part of the operating system).
• A software interrupt is one generated by a program (as opposed to one
generated by hardware).
• The 8086 INT instruction generates a software interrupt.
• For I/O and some other operations, the number used is 21h.
• A Specific number is placed in the register AH to specify which I/O
operation (e.g. read a character, display a character) you wish to carry out.
• When the I/O operation is finished, the interrupt service program
terminates and program will be resumed at the instruction following int.
.model small
.stack 100h

.data
; Step 3: Print the character back
message db "Enter a letter: $" ; This is the text to show lea dx, newline ; Move to a new line
the user
mov ah, 09h ; Display the newline
newline db 0Dh, 0Ah, '$' ; Newline characters (go to int 21h ; Call interrupt
the next line)
mov dl, bl
.code ; Move the stored character to DL
main proc mov ah, 02h ; Function to print a character
mov ax, @data ; Initialize data segment int 21h ; Call interrupt
mov ds, ax
; Step 4: Exit the program
mov ah, 4Ch ; End the program
; Step 1: Display the message int 21h ; Call interrupt
lea dx, message ; Load the address of the message main endp
mov ah, 09h ; Function to display a string end main
int 21h ; Call interrupt (magic spell!)

; Step 2: Take a single character input


mov ah, 01h ; Function to take input
int 21h ; Call interrupt
Counter Register (CX):
• Contains the count for certain instructions e,g shift count, rotate the number
of bytes and a counter with loop instruction.
• Can be accessed as 32 bit (ECX), 16 bit (CX) or 8 bit (CH or CL) register 32 bit
• General Purpose use in ADD, MUL, DIV, MOV
• Special Purpose use in LOOP etc.
mov cl, 26 ; Loop counter (26
characters)
mov bl, 64 ; Starting ASCII value ('@',
one before 'A')

Agn: ; Move to the next line using BIOS


inc bl ; Increment to get the next mov ah, 02h ; BIOS function to set
character ('A', 'B', ...)
cursor position
mov bh, 00h ; Page number (0 for
; Print the character using DOS
default)
mov dl, bl ; Load the character into DL
inc dh ; Increment row (move
mov ah, 02h ; DOS function to print a down)
character
mov dl, 00h ; Set column to the start
int 21h ; Call DOS interrupt to display
character of the line (leftmost)
int 10h ; Call BIOS interrupt to
move cursor

loop Agn ; Loop back until CL = 0

; Exit the program


mov ah, 4Ch ; DOS terminate
program function
int 21h ; Call DOS interrupt
Tasks:
1. Write a program that input a character from user is in lowercase,
the program will convert it to uppercase and will display it on
console after conversion.
Hint: - The ASCII codes for lowercase letters (a-z) are 97-122. In order to
convert a lowercase letter to uppercase letter, just subtract 32 from its
ASCII code.
Tasks
2. Write a program that input a character from user. The program will
display it ten times on screen in newline.

3. Write a program that will display uppercase letters (A-Z), using loop
on new line.

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